hier Dutch · revision 37079

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Old Dutch (Wachtendonck Psalms)|origins=ine-pro *ḱi-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦir/, [ɦiːr], [ɦiər]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hier'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch also had ''hiere'', ''hir'' and, under German influence, ''hie''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hier]], [[inh|odt|hier]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hēr]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hē₂r]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The Wachtendonck Psalms have the longer Old Dutch form [[m|odt|hiera|t=hither]].^(EWN)^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|hēr]], [[goh|hiar]] (modern [[de|hier]]), [[ofs|hīr]], [[ang|hēr]] (modern [[en|here]]), [[non|hér]] and [[got|𐌷𐌴𐍂|tr=hēr]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ It is probably built with a suffix ⟨-r⟩, the same as in [[daar]] and [[waar]], on the full grade of the demonstrative particle [[ine-pro|*ḱei-]], [[m|ine-pro|*ḱi-|t=this]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) That stem is also found in [[heden]], [[heen]] and [[her]], in the pronouns [[hij]], [[hem]] and [[hun]], and in [[m|got|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰|tr=himma|t=this]] and [[m|got|𐌷𐌹𐌳𐍂𐌴|tr=hidrē|t=hither]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Outside Germanic it appears in [[la|cis]] and [[m|la|citrā|t=on this side]], [[grc|ἐκεῖ|tr=ekeî|t=there]], [[lt|šis|t=this]], [[cu|сь|tr=sĭ|t=this]] and [[hit|ki|t=this]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The Proto-Germanic vowel ⟨*ē₂⟩, which became Dutch ⟨ie⟩, is of disputed origin; the EWN suggests it arose from ⟨*ei⟩ in words of this ablaut series.^(EWN) Kroonen, following Kortlandt, reconstructs [[ine-pro|*ki-or]], whose diphthong merged early with ⟨*ē₂⟩.^(Kroonen 2013) Van Haeringen thought Old Saxon [[m|osx|hīr]] a Frisian form.^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''hiera'' “hither”: ''Bethiu bekeret uuerthe folc min hiera'', “therefore my people shall turn hither”.^(ONW)^(EWN) In the Middle Dutch rule of a Ghent hospital (1236) the word is used of the place where the speaker is: no one may be received ''hier'', here, unless it profits the house.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch ''hier'' meant “in this place”, “here on earth” as against the hereafter, and “hither”.^(ONW) Middle Dutch kept these senses and also used it of time, “now”, as in ''hier nu''.^(VMNW)^(MNW) From the 17th century it opened inscriptions on graves, ''Hier rust…'' (1638).^(WNT) It forms the first part of pronominal adverbs such as ''hieraan'' and ''hiermee'', standing for ''dit''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek) Used on its own it can also accompany handing something over.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Negerhollands has ''hier'', ''hie'' and ''hi'', Berbice Dutch ''hiri'' and Skepi Dutch ''hisə''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) The Afrikaans call ''hier, jy!'' “here, you!” became South African English ''hierjy'', a worthless person or thing.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''hiera'' “hither” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Hir'' is used of life here on earth in the Rhineland Rhyming Bible.^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''hier'' is recorded in Ghent.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW)

+ * 1638 – ''Hier rust nu Plemp'', an epitaph.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|here]], in this place, near the speaker: ''Wacht hier op mij.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Used when handing something over or drawing attention to it: ''Hier, neem jij deze tas.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # As the first part of a [[m|en|pronominal]] adverb, standing for ''dit'': ''hiermee'', ''hierover''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # In ''hier en nu'', the present moment.^(Wiktionary)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hiernamaals]]

+ * [[hieraan]]

+ * [[hierachter]]

+ * [[hierzo]]

+ * [[hiero]]

+ * [[alhier]]

+ * [[ziehier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[daar]]

+ * [[er]]

+ * [[her]]

+ * [[waar]]

+ * [[heen]]

+ * [[heden]]

+ * [[hij]]

+ * [[en|here]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hier en daar'' means “here and there, in various places”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}