zo Dutch · revision 37077

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=891–900, Old Dutch|origins=gem-pro *swa, gem-pro *swē}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /zoː/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zo'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling is ''zoo''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sô]], [[inh|odt|sō]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*swā]], which Wiktionary explains as a merger of [[gem-pro|*swa]] and [[m|gem-pro|*swē]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|sō]], [[goh|sō]] (modern [[de|so]]), [[ofs|sā]] (modern [[fy|sa]]), [[ang|swā]] (modern [[en|so]]), [[non|svá]] (modern [[sv|så]]), [[got|𐍃𐍅𐌰|tr=swa]] and [[m|got|𐍃𐍅𐌴|tr=swē]]; the exact relation of the Germanic forms to each other is uncertain.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Its further origin is uncertain.^(EWN) The EWN suggests it arose beside the demonstrative ⟨*sa⟩ (see [[de]]) with endings modelled on the interrogative [[m|gem-pro|*hwē|t=how]], the source of [[hoe]].^(EWN) Kroonen and De Vries derive it from the reflexive stem [[ine-pro|*swe-]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|458) De Vries in his larger dictionary compared [[itc-ola|suad|t=thus]], [[osc|svaí|t=if]] and [[grc|ὥς|tr=hṓs|t=as]], and reported the idea that ⟨*swod⟩ blended the demonstrative ⟨*sod⟩ with the interrogative ⟨*kʷod⟩.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is an Old Dutch prayer of 891–900, ''drohtin uuerthe so'', “Lord, may it be so”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms also use it of degree, in ''so eiselika thing'', “so terrible a thing”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch ''sō'' meant “in this way, thus” and “to such a degree”, and in comparisons ''sō … sō'' and ''alsō … sō'' meant “as … so”.^(ONW)^(EWN) As a conjunction it is recorded from the 10th century in Old Dutch, and in Middle Dutch from 1220, where it could mean “if”, “as” and “both … and”.^(ONW)^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) Modern Dutch uses stressed ''zó'' for “in a moment”, and colloquially ''zo'' for “very”, or for “great” with a raised thumb.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In the 1980s ''zo kan-ie wel weer'', “that will do”, was a new phrase, and by the late 1990s ''zo'' was increasingly used for ''zulk'' “such”: ''zo lekker ijs''.^(Reinsma 1984)^(Reinsma 1999) Surinamese Dutch uses ''zo'' as a pronoun, “that”.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ Negerhollands has ''soo'', ''so'' and ''sa'', also for “if”, and Afrikaans, Javindo and Petjo have ''so'';^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Sranan ''so'' may come from Dutch or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 891–900 – ''Drohtin uuerthe so'' “Lord, may it be so”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 901–1000 – ''So'' “so much, so very” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''so'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1220 – ''So'' as a conjunction is recorded in the Lower Rhine area.^(VMNW)

+ * 1982 – ''Zo kan-ie wel weer'' is noted as a new phrase.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|so]], [[m|en|thus]], in this or that way: ''Zo moet je de knoop leggen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To such a degree: ''Het was zo koud dat de gracht bevroor.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In ''zo … als'', as … as: ''Hij is zo groot als zijn vader.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # (stressed) In a moment, right away: ''Ik ben zo terug.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (colloquial) Very, extremely; also “great”: ''Dat is zo vorig jaar.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # (formal) If: ''een van de oudste kerken, zo niet de oudste''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # As, in comparisons: ''zo vader, zo zoon'', like father, like son.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Expressing satisfaction, surprise or a conclusion: ''Zo, dat is klaar.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[zoals]]

+ * [[zodat]]

+ * [[zodanig]]

+ * [[zodoende]]

+ * [[zodra]]

+ * [[zo-even]]

+ * [[zogenaamd]]

+ * [[alzo]]

+ * [[evenzo]]

+ * [[hoezo]]

+ * [[ziezo]]

+ * [[hierzo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zulk]]

+ * [[hoe]]

+ * [[en|so]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A noun ''zo'', also ''zooi'', with the diminutive ''zootje'', means a quantity, originally a boiling (of fish); it is a contraction of Middle Dutch ''sōde'' “boiling”, from the verb ''zieden'', and survives in ''rotzooi''.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}