hebben Dutch · revision 37071

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *habjaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɦɛbə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hebben''' (present ''ik heb'', ''hij heeft''; past tense '''had''', past participle '''gehad''')^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch also had the eastern form ''haen''.^(MNW)

+ Most dialects say the third person singular without /f/, as ''hee'' or ''het''.^(EWN) The form ''heeft'' belonged first to the written language.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hebben]], [[inh|odt|hebben|alt=hebon]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*habbjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*habjaną]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The double /bb/ of the infinitive comes from gemination before the suffix [[gem-pro|*-janą|alt=*-jan-]].^(EWN) Where the /j/ was absorbed into the ending, in the second and third person singular present, there was no gemination: Middle Dutch [[m|dum|heves]] “you have” and [[m|dum|hevet]] “he has” became the modern third person after lengthening, loss of the unstressed /e/ and assimilation of the /v/.^(EWN) The past tense also lacked /i/ and so had no umlaut.^(EWN) Its /bd/ was later assimilated, giving the /dd/ of [[had]].^(EWN)

+

+ The same verb, with this suffix, is [[osx|hebbian]], [[ang|habban]] (modern [[en|have]]) and [[ofs|hebba]], while [[goh|habēn]] (modern [[de|haben]]), [[non|hafa]] and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=haban]] continue another formation, [[gem-pro|*habāną|alt=*hab-ēn-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) [[zeggen|alt=Zeggen]] shows the same split.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The root [[gem-pro|*hab-]] is traditionally seen as a variant of [[m|gem-pro|*haf-]] in [[heffen]], with grammatical alternation.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Formally it would go back to [[ine-pro|*kh₂p-|alt=*kap-]], the root of [[la|capiō|t=to take]] and [[grc|κάπτω|tr=káptō|t=to seize]], and Kroonen treats the verb as a stative verb of this root.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The meaning is strikingly close to [[m|la|habeō|t=to have, hold]], which with [[sga|gaibid|t=to take]] and [[lt|gabenti|t=to bring]] would need a different root [[ine-pro|*gʰabʰ-]].^(EWN) Scholars have usually kept the roots apart and assumed that they mixed in the separate languages, while a newer view treats them as variants of a pre-Indo-European root.^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Franck–Van Wijk denied any link with the Latin verb.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch forms such as ''hebon'' “to have”, ''heuit'' “has” and ''hatton'' “they had” are found in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, both as a full verb and as an auxiliary, as in ''faruuart heuit'' “has destroyed”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) One line speaks of sinners who ''hatton ricduom'', “had riches”, in the world.^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''hebben'' is recorded about 1240.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The original Germanic sense was “to hold fast”, still common in the older languages: an early 14th-century Middle Dutch text says that the lady ''hadde'' Hernaut and Gerine, that is, held them, and kissed them many times.^(EWN) The weakening to “to possess” and the use as an auxiliary with a past participle are common Germanic, and run parallel to French ''avoir'' and Italian ''avere'' from Latin ''habēre''.^(EWN) A synonym, [[gem-pro|*aiganą|alt=*aigan-]] “to own”, related to [[eigen]], had already been displaced by ''hebben'' in Old Dutch.^(EWN)

+

+ From the verb came ''hebbig'' “greedy” (1599, Kiliaan), ''hebzucht'' “greed” (about 1610) and ''hebberig'' (1898).^(EWN) Dutch passed the verb on to Negerhollands ''ha'', ''hab'', Berbice Dutch ''ha'', ''habu'' and Javindo ''geef'';^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|hê]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''hebon'', ''heuit'' and ''hatton'' appear in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''hebben'' and ''heft'' “has” are recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1288 – ''Heves'' “you have” appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan records ''hebbig'' “greedy”.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1610 – ''Hebzucht'' “greed” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1898 – ''Hebberig'' appears in Van Dale.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|have]], [[m|en|own]], possess.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To have as a relative or relation: ''zij heeft drie broers'', “she has three brothers”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To have at one's disposal; to have as a quality.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To suffer from an illness: ''hij heeft griep'', “he has the flu”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be in a situation: ''het koud hebben'', “to be cold”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To feel, experience.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Forming the [[m|en|perfect tense]] with a past participle: ''ik heb gegeten'', “I have eaten”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with te)'' Must, to have to: ''je hebt te wachten'', “you have to wait”.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hebberig]]

+ * [[hebzucht]]

+ * [[hebbeding]]

+ * [[liefhebben]]

+ * [[liefhebber]]

+ * [[bevelhebber]]

+ * [[machthebber]]

+ * [[aanhebben]]

+ * [[doorhebben]]

+ * [[beethebben]]

+ * [[ophebben]]

+ * [[onderhevig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[heffen]]

+ * [[en|have]]

+ * [[de|haben]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zijn hebben en houden'' means all one owns.^(Van Dale 2014) The verb appears in many fixed phrases, such as ''haar op zijn tanden hebben'', “to be sharp-tongued”, and ''boter op zijn hoofd hebben'', “to criticise others for one's own faults”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}