ik Dutch · revision 37068

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=776–800, Old Dutch (Utrecht baptismal vow)|origins=ine-pro *h₁eǵ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Stressed: /ɪk/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Unstressed: /ək/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ik'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The emphatic form ''ikke'' goes back to Middle Dutch ''icke''.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(VMNW) An unstressed form '''k'' is also written.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ic]], [[inh|odt|ik]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ik]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ek]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|ik]], [[goh|ih]] (modern [[de|ich]]), [[ofs|ik]], [[ang|ic]] (modern English ⟨I⟩), [[non|ek]] and [[got|𐌹𐌺|tr=ik]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The Old Norse form led to [[da|jeg]] and [[sv|jag]].^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ It is inherited from [[ine-pro|*h₁eǵ-]], often with extra endings such as ⟨*-oH⟩ and ⟨*-(H)om⟩.^(EWN) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*h₁eǵ-H-om]], which he finds unchanged in [[sa|अहम्|tr=ahám]], [[cu|азъ|tr=azŭ]] and [[lt|aš]]; [[la|ego]] and [[grc|ἐγώ|tr=egṓ]] continue the same pronoun, and [[hit|ūk]] a variant of it.^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The forms of the pronoun vary from language to language in ways that already the older handbooks could not reduce to one starting point.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) The oblique forms [[mij]] and [[mijn]] come from another stem, [[ine-pro|*h₁me]].^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The pronoun is recorded in the Utrecht baptismal vow of the late 8th century, in ''ec gelobo in crist gotes suno'' “I believe in Christ, God's son”.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century use ''ik'' and ''ic''.^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''ic'' is recorded from 1237.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|175)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the pronoun was often attached to the verb before it, as in ''saghicken'' “I saw it”, and the longer ''icke'' was used beside ''ic'', sometimes only for the rhyme.^(VMNW) It could also be used as a noun: a text of 1373 calls a friend ''een ander ic'', “another I”, after Latin ''alter ego''.^(MNW)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ In the southern Netherlands and parts of Brabant and Zealand the pronoun is often repeated, giving forms such as ''kik'' and ''ekikke''.^(WNT) As a neuter noun ''het ik'' means the self or the ego, as in ''mijn betere ik'' and ''mijn tweede ik'', the latter a translation of ''alter ego''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Van der Sijs 2005)^(WNT)

+

+ The pronoun lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|ek]], Berbice Dutch ''eke'' and Skepi Dutch ''ek''; older Indonesian dictionaries list ''ik'' and ''ikke'' as well.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 776–800 – ''Ec'' “I” is recorded in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 10th century – ''Ik'' and ''ic'' appear in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''ic'' is recorded.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|175)

+ * 1276 – The longer form ''icke'' is used in a Holland charter.^(VMNW)

+ * 1373 – ''Een ander ic'' “another I” renders ''alter ego''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|I]]: the first person singular, used as subject: ''Ik woon in Gent.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(het ik)'' The self, the [[m|en|ego]]: ''zijn ware ik tonen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ikzelf]]

+ * [[ik-figuur]]

+ * [[ik-vorm]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mij]]

+ * [[mijn]]

+ * [[wij]]

+ * [[de|ich]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Ik voor mij'' means “as for me”.^(Van Dale 2014) In the 17th century the subject ''ik'' was often left out before a verb, and it still is in a few fixed forms such as ''verzoeke'' and ''zegge''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}