op Dutch · revision 37062

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=777, Old Dutch (place name; copy of the late 11th century)|origins=gem-pro *upp}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɔp/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''op'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|op]], [[m|dum|up]] (also [[m|dum|oppe]], [[m|dum|uppe]]), [[inh|odt|up]], [[inh|gem-pro|*upp|t=up, upwards]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen reconstructs an ablauting adverb [[gem-pro|*eup|alt=*eup ~ *upp]], related to [[gem-pro|*uba|t=under, above]]; its geminate arose in the locative [[m|gem-pro|*uppai]], from an older [[ine-pro|*up-noi]].^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|up]] (beside [[m|osx|uppa|t=above]]), [[ofs|up]], [[m|ofs|op]], [[ang|upp]] (modern [[en|up]]) and [[non|upp]]; with a long vowel [[goh|ūf]] (modern [[de|auf]]) and [[m|ang|ūp]]; and with another vowel grade [[got|𐌹𐌿𐍀|tr=iup|t=upwards]] and [[m|got|𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰|tr=iupa|t=above]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN) Kroonen explains the long vowel of the Old High German form as monosyllabic lengthening.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Further origin is uncertain.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|273) The usual comparison is with [[la|sub|t=under]], [[grc|ὑπό|tr=hupó|t=under]], [[sa|उप|tr=úpa|t=towards]] and [[sga|fo]], from [[ine-pro|*upó]], but there /p/ should have shifted to /f/, as it did in [[got|𐌿𐍆|tr=uf|t=under]] and in the words related to [[over]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The difference in meaning has been bridged with a basic sense “from below up towards”, and the Germanic double ⟨pp⟩ has been explained from PIE *-pn-* by Kluge's law.^(De Vries 1971)^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''up'' is first found as an adverb meaning “higher up” in the Utrecht church name ''Vpkirika'', literally “the upper church”, recorded in 777 in a copy of the late 11th century; in Old Dutch it survives as such only in place names.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century already join it to verbs, as in ''Heue up hende thine'' “lift up your hands”.^(EWN) The preposition appears in the Rhyming Bible of 1151–1200, in ''Up einer bruggen'' “on a bridge” over the Danube.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Although ''op'' was first an adverb meaning “upward”, its main use since Middle Dutch has been as a preposition for contact with the top or surface of something.^(WNT)^(MNW) Middle Dutch could also use [[boven]] where modern Dutch has ''op''.^(MNW) In Middle Dutch the preposition took both the dative and the accusative without distinction.^(WNT) The 16th century still had ''oppe'', and in Flanders the old form ''up'' later gave ''ip''.^(WNT)

+

+ From the surface the preposition spread to time (''op maandag''), manner, purpose, hostile direction and fixed ratios.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The adverb took on the senses “out of bed”, “exhausted” and “used up”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) In Surinamese Dutch ''op'' stands before place names where standard Dutch has ''in'' or ''te''.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The phrase ''op heterdaad'' “in the act” goes back to ''op de heete daet'' (1603) and is first found with ''betrappen'' “to catch” in 1734.^(EWN)

+

+ Dutch ''op'' passed into Negerhollands ([[m|dcr|op]], [[m|dcr|hoppo]] “to get up”), Berbice Dutch ([[m|brc|hopu]]), Papiamentu ([[m|pap|òp]]), Sranan Tongo ([[m|srn|opo]]) and Petjo.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 777 – ''Vpkirika'' “the upper church” in Utrecht, in a copy of the late 11th century.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms have ''upheffen'' “to lift up”.^(EWN)

+ * 1151–1200 – The Old Dutch preposition appears in the Rhyming Bible.^(EWN)

+ * 1200 – The Middle Dutch preposition is recorded in Limburg, in a damaged Servatius fragment; the next record is from Ghent around 1210.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – The Middle Dutch adverb is recorded in Ghent.^(VMNW)

+ * 1603 – ''Op de heete daet'' “straight away, in the act”.^(EWN)

+ * 1734 – ''Op heter daad betrappen'' “to catch in the act”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|on]], [[m|en|upon]]: in contact with the top or surface of something: ''Het boek ligt op de tafel.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # At, in, of a less concrete place: ''op school'', ''op kantoor''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # On, of a day or point in [[tijd|alt=time]]: ''op dinsdag''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a fixed [[verhouding|alt=ratio]]: in, out of: ''drie op de vijf''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Against, at, of a hostile movement: ''het niet hebben op iemand'' “to dislike someone”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of manner, as in ''op slag'' “at once”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of aim or purpose: ''op iets uit zijn'' “to be after something”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|up]], upward: ''de trap op''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Up, out of [[bed]]: ''Ben je al op?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Worn out, [[uitgeput|alt=exhausted]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Used up, finished: ''De melk is op.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # As the particle of [[scheidbaar|alt=separable]] verbs: ''opbellen'', ''opstaan''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[opeens]]

+ * [[volop]]

+ * [[bovenop]]

+ * [[rechtop]]

+ * [[verderop]]

+ * [[hardop]]

+ * [[opbellen]]

+ * [[opstaan]]

+ * [[opgaan]]

+ * [[opheffen]]

+ * [[oppassen]]

+ * [[opklaren]]

+ * [[heterdaad]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[boven]]

+ * [[over]]

+ * [[en|up]]

+ * [[de|auf]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Southern Dutch writers long used ''op'' after French ''sur'', as in ''een studie op een schrijver'' for ''over'', and for measurements;^(De Vreese 1899) De Vreese condemned both as gallicisms.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}