gaan Dutch · revision 37060

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰeh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Netherlands: [xaːn]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Belgium: [ɣaːn]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gaan'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|gâen]], [[inh|odt|gān]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*gān]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gāną|t=to go]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) Kroonen sets up [[gem-pro|*gēn-|alt=*gēn-]] and derives the southern forms from an athematic present such as [[m|gem-pro|*gēmi|t=I go]], while [[ang|gān]] seems to need a stem [[m|gem-pro|*gai-]], perhaps the prefix [[gem-pro|*ga-]] with the root of [[ine-pro|*h₁ey-|t=to go]].^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|gān]], [[goh|gān]], [[m|goh|gēn]] (modern [[de|gehen]]), [[ofs|gān]] (modern [[fy|gean]]), [[m|ang|gān]] (modern [[en|go]]) and [[non|gá]] ([[sv|gå]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Beside it the Germanic languages had a reduplicating strong verb, Old Dutch [[m|odt|gangan]], Middle Dutch [[m|dum|gangen]], [[osx|gangan]], [[goh|gangan]], [[ang|gangan]], [[non|ganga]] and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan]], to which the past tense [[m|nl|ging]] and the noun [[gang]] belong.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Vercoullie 1925) Gothic used instead the old past [[m|got|𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰|tr=iddja]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Van Haeringen rejected the idea that the verb is a shortened form of the reduplicating verb, since its inflection looks very old.^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ The source is [[ine-pro|*ǵʰeh₁-]], which also gave [[grc|κιχάνω|tr=kikhánō|t=to reach, overtake]], [[sa|जहाति|tr=jáhāti|t=he leaves]] and [[ae|zazāmi|t=I let go]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) How a root meaning “to leave, let go” came to mean “to go” is not fully clear, and the comparison with [[grc|χῆρος|tr=khêros|t=bereft]] and [[la|hērēs|t=heir]] is vague.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The reduplicating verb is linked with [[ine-pro|*ǵʰengʰ-|t=to stride]], as in [[lt|žengti|t=to step]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, Old Dutch ''gān'' means “to go on foot, walk”, as in ''gān sal ic an hūse thīnin'' “I shall go into your house”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Middle Dutch has ''ginc stan'' “went to stand” around 1200 and ''gaen'' “to go, walk” in 1237.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Gaan'' at first meant only “to walk”, of people, but it gradually took on the wider sense “to move”, and inanimate subjects.^(EWN) [[lopen|alt=Lopen]] then took over “to walk” in the north, but Belgian Dutch still uses ''gaan'' in that sense, as do Frisian, German and Swedish.^(EWN) The old meaning survives in ''niet kunnen gaan of staan'' “to be bedridden” and in ''een uur gaans'' “an hour's walk”.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (1872) found ''gaan'' with an infinitive for the near future mainly in Flemish writers and condemned it as a gallicism;^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) Van Dale now lists it as an auxiliary of the future.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) The phrase ''ervoor gaan'' is a loan translation of English ''to go for it''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ The verb lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|gaan]], Petjo and Javindo (as ''ha''); in Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|gan]] means “to perish”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms have Old Dutch ''gān''.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''ginc stan'' “went to stand”, in the Servatius fragments.^(EWN)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''gaen'' “to go, walk”.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – The infinitive used as a noun, ''gaen'' “walking, departure”, is recorded in West Flanders.^(VMNW)

+ * 1838 – ''Een uur gaans'' “an hour's walk” and a Flemish future with ''gaan'' are quoted.^(WNT)

+ * 1872 – The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal condemns the future with ''gaan'' as a gallicism.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|go]], move from one place to another: ''We gaan naar de markt.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To pass, of [[tijd|alt=time]].^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To leave, [[vertrekken|alt=depart]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To begin to do or undergo something: ''Hij ging zitten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a device: to sound, [[m|en|ring]]: ''Daar gaat de bel.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To lead, extend, of a road or direction.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To proceed, go well or badly: ''Het gaat goed met haar.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To work, be possible: ''Dat gaat niet.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To get into a state: ''kapot gaan''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # With ''over'' or ''om'': to be about, concern: ''Waar gaat het om?''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' To [[m|en|walk]].^(EWN)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' To be going to, forming a near [[m|en|future]]: ''Het gaat regenen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gang]]

+ * [[gaande]]

+ * [[gaandeweg]]

+ * [[aangaan]]

+ * [[afgaan]]

+ * [[begaan]]

+ * [[doorgaan]]

+ * [[ingaan]]

+ * [[meegaan]]

+ * [[omgaan]]

+ * [[ondergaan]]

+ * [[ontgaan]]

+ * [[opgaan]]

+ * [[overgaan]]

+ * [[uitgaan]]

+ * [[vergaan]]

+ * [[voorgaan]]

+ * [[weggaan]]

+ * [[doodgaan]]

+ * [[teloorgaan]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lopen]]

+ * [[en|go]]

+ * [[de|gehen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}