in Dutch · revision 37058

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=776–800, Utrecht baptismal vow|origins=ine-pro *h₁en}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɪn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''in'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|in]], [[inh|odt|in]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*in]], [[inh|gem-pro|*in]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) Old Dutch also had the adverbs [[m|odt|inna]] and [[m|odt|inne]] “inside”, from [[gem-pro|*inna]]; in Dutch they have merged with the preposition used as an adverb.^(EWN)^(WNT) The same preposition is [[osx|in]], [[goh|in]] (modern [[de|in]], with the adverb [[m|goh|īn]], modern [[m|de|ein-]]), [[ofs|in]], [[ang|in]] (modern [[en|in]]), [[non|í]] and [[got|𐌹𐌽|tr=in]], and the adverb is [[got|𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰|tr=inna]], [[non|inni]] and [[ang|inne]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Outside Germanic it is related to [[la|in]], [[grc|ἐν|tr=en]] and [[m|grc|ἐνί|tr=ení]], [[prg|en]] and [[sga|in-]], from [[ine-pro|*h₁en|t=in]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) An ablaut form [[ine-pro|*h₁on]] may be behind [[cu|въ|tr=vŭ]] and [[ru|в|tr=v]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) A derivative of the same root is [[ine-pro|*h₁enter|t=between, inside]], which gave [[la|inter]] and [[sa|अन्तर्|tr=antár]].^(EWN) The Germanic vowel is i instead of the expected e because the word was weakly stressed in the sentence.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded in the Utrecht baptismal vow of the late 8th century: ''gelōbistu in got alamehtigen fadaer'', “do you believe in God the almighty Father?”^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms it is used of place, time and abstract things, for example ''in himelen'' “in the heavens” and ''in stunden sīnro'' “in his time”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The adverb appears there too, in ''ingān sal'' “shall go in”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''in'' took a dative or an accusative, but without the German distinction between rest and motion; in modern Dutch the accusative became the rule.^(WNT) The old dative survives in set phrases such as ''in gebreke'', ''in arren moede'', ''in der minne'' and ''in aller ijl'', and in compounds like [[indien]] and [[inderdaad]].^(WNT)

+

+ The adverb follows a noun to mark motion into a space, as in ''de wereld in''.^(WNT) Paired with ''uit'' it expresses endless repetition: ''eeu in eeu uit'' “century in, century out” is recorded in 1653, and ''jaar in, jaar uit'' is still current.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) In the 20th century ''in'' also came to mean “fashionable”, a sense Papiamentu took from Dutch or English.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Afrikaans has [[m|af|in]], and Negerhollands and Sranan Tongo have ''ini'', from Dutch or English.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 776–800 – The preposition is first recorded, in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms use the preposition and the adverbs ''inna'' and ''inne''.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram has ''indragon'' “to carry in”.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1210 – Middle Dutch ''in'' is recorded.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|175)^(VMNW)

+ * 1616 – ''Kaetsbaan in, kaetsbaan uyt'' “in and out of the tennis court” shows the paired adverbs.^(WNT)

+ * 1653 – ''Eeu in eeu uit'' “century in, century out” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|in]]: within the limits of a space, a thing or a period: ''in de kast'', ''in mei''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|into]], with verbs of motion that end inside something.^(WNT)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Of direction: inward, into a space;^(Van Dale 2014) ''dat wil er bij mij niet in'', I cannot believe it.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of time: ''jaar in, jaar uit'', on and on without end.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of place: inside.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of a state: [[populair|alt=popular]], in fashion.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Strengthens ''tegen'', ''op'' and similar prepositions: ''tegen de wind in''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[indruk]]

+ * [[ineens]]

+ * [[inkomen]]

+ * [[inteelt]]

+ * [[inderdaad]]

+ * [[indien]]

+ * [[inmiddels]]

+ * [[insgelijks]]

+ * [[inheems]]

+ * [[achterin]]

+ * [[binnenin]]

+ * [[bovenin]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[binnen]]

+ * [[innen]]

+ * [[innig]]

+ * [[innerlijk]]

+ * [[en|in]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}