die Dutch · revision 37053

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *to-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /di/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''die''' ''m or f'' or pl (distal demonstrative, neuter dat)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|die]], [[inh|odt|thie]], the stressed form of the old demonstrative pronoun; in unstressed position the same pronoun was reduced to the article [[de]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary describes the Middle Dutch pronoun as a merger of several Old Dutch case forms, among them [[m|odt|thē]], [[m|odt|thia]] and [[m|odt|thiu]].^(Wiktionary) The same pronoun is [[osx|thē]], [[goh|dēr]], [[ofs|thē]] and [[enm|the]], all with an initial dental from [[ine-pro|*to-|t=that]];^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen gives the stem as [[gem-pro|*þa-|t=that, those]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ In Proto-Germanic the masculine and feminine nominative began with ⟨s-⟩ instead, as [[got|𐍃𐌰|tr=sa]], [[non|sá]] and [[ang|se]] still show;^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary sets up [[m|gem-pro|*sa]] for this form.^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) In German, Low German, Frisian and Dutch the forms with ⟨þ-⟩ spread from the other cases into the nominative, and the old feminine survived for a time in Flemish Middle Dutch [[m|dum|soe]], used as a personal pronoun meaning she.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971) The forms with ⟨s-⟩ go back to [[ine-pro|*so|t=this, that]], which also gave [[grc|ὁ|tr=ho]] and [[sa|स|tr=sá]]; the ⟨t-⟩ forms match [[lt|tas]], [[cu|тъ|tr=tŭ]] and the second part of [[la|iste|t=this, that]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The long vowel /i/ has been explained as the result of contracting /ea/ and /eo/ in other cases, as in the Old Dutch feminine plural, but also as a Germanic /ē/ in the masculine nominative, as in Old High German [[m|goh|dē]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Karstien instead derived that /ē/ from an unstressed diphthong /ai/, comparing the Gothic plural [[m|got|𐌸𐌰𐌹|tr=þai]];^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Van Haeringen found the idea attractive but bold.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Already in Old West Germanic the relative pronoun was taken from the demonstrative paradigm.^(EWN) The Oudnederlands Woordenboek's oldest relative example is in the Utrecht baptismal vow of 791, where the convert renounces “all the demons who (''the'') are their companions”.^(ONW) A demonstrative ''thie'' is recorded in 891–900, and the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have the pronoun in both functions.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''die'' is first found as a relative pronoun in the Limburg ''Servaas'' legend of about 1200.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the Middle Dutch period ''die'' and ''de'' had gradually become distinct in use: ''die'' kept the demonstrative and relative functions, ''de'' became the article.^(EWN) Middle Dutch scribes often wrote the relative together with neighbouring words, as ''diet'' for ''die dat'' and ''dieme'' for ''die men''.^(VMNW)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal still listed the case forms ''diens'', ''dien'' and ''dier'' in 1911; today ''dien'' lives mostly in fixed phrases such as ''met dien verstande'' “on the understanding that” and ''uit dien hoofde'' “for that reason”.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) From the 16th century ''die van'' + a place name could mean “the people of”: a text of 1572 says that ''die van Mechelen'' were badly frightened.^(WNT) ''Die en die'' came to stand for persons one does not care to name, as in a text of 1756.^(WNT) In colloquial Surinamese Dutch ''die'' can also point to something unknown to the listener, “a certain”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Dutch carried the pronoun overseas: it gave Afrikaans [[m|af|die]], Negerhollands ''die'', ''di'' and emphatic ''dida'', Berbice Dutch ''dida'' “that (there)” and Sranan Tongo ''di''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 791 – A relative ''the'' appears in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(ONW)

+ * 891–900 – A demonstrative ''thie'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms use the pronoun as demonstrative and relative.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''die'' is recorded as a relative pronoun in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1572 – ''Die van Mechelen'' “the people of Mechelen” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1756 – ''Die en die'' is used for unnamed persons.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # ''(demonstrative)'' That, [[m|en|those]]: points to a person or thing further from the speaker, used with ''de''-words and plurals (neuter [[dat]]): ''Die fiets daar is van mijn broer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(demonstrative)'' Announces a following clause or phrase: ''Ik bedoel die met de rode jas.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(relative)'' [[m|en|who]], [[m|en|which]], that: introduces a clause that restricts the antecedent: ''De trein die om acht uur vertrekt, is vol.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(relative)'' Introduces a clause that adds details about a known antecedent: ''Mijn tante, die in Gent woont, komt morgen.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(Suriname, colloquial)'' A certain, some, referring to something the listener does not know.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bovendien]]

+ * [[indien]]

+ * [[diezelfde]]

+ * [[nadien]]

+ * [[sedertdien]]

+ * [[sindsdien]]

+ * [[voordien]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[deze]]

+ * [[dit]]

+ * [[dat]]

+ * [[diens]]

+ * [[dier]]

+ * [[de]]

+ * [[en|the]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Flanders ''die'' can introduce a clause that refers back to a neuter noun;^(Weijnen 2003) Weijnen takes it there as a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and compares Old Dutch ''thie'', ''the''.^(Weijnen 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}