doen Dutch · revision 37052

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *dʰeh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dun/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''doen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|doen]], [[inh|odt|duon]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*dōn]], [[inh|gem-pro|*dōną|t=to do, to put]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|dōn]], [[goh|tuon]] (modern [[de|tun]]), [[ofs|duān]] (modern [[fy|dwaan]]) and [[ang|dōn]] (modern [[en|do]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The present continues the o-grade of [[ine-pro|*dʰeh₁-|t=to put, to place]];^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen notes that this o-grade is found only in Germanic.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Other languages built a reduplicated present on the root: [[grc|τίθημι|tr=títhēmi|t=I put, place]] and [[sa|दधाति|tr=dádhāti|t=he puts]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The root also underlies [[la|faciō|t=to make, do]], whose /f/ comes from /dʰ/, and [[cu|дѣти|tr=děti|t=to lay]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The e-grade appears in [[daad]] and in the participle [[gedaan]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The past tense [[deed]], Middle Dutch [[m|dum|dede]], Old Dutch [[m|odt|deda]], keeps the old reduplication.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The EWN still thinks it very likely that the ⟨-de⟩ of the Germanic weak past tense comes from the past tense of this verb, [[m|gem-pro|*dedō]].^(EWN)

+

+ The verb is typical of West Germanic.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105) North Germanic lost it apart from the noun [[non|dáð|t=deed]] and uses [[m|non|gøra]] instead, a verb related to [[gaar]];^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Gothic has only the noun [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃|tr=gadēþs|t=deed]] and says [[m|got|𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=taujan]] as its verb of doing, which probably first meant adorning (compare [[tooien]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Oudnederlands Woordenboek's oldest record is a past tense on a comb from Oostum (791–891), ''ælb kabu deda habuku'' “Alf made a comb for Habuk”, in the sense “to make”.^(ONW)^(EWN) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century use ''duon'' for “to carry out, do”, and Middle Dutch ''doen'' is recorded from about 1220–1240.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in Old Dutch ''duon'' could mean “to do, make, put” and also served to form causative verbs.^(ONW)^(Wiktionary) The infinitive was used as a noun meaning “action” (1525), “way of acting” (1579) and “conduct”;^(WNT) ''iemands doen en laten'', all of a person's behaviour, is recorded in 1642.^(WNT) ''In goeden doen'' first described a person's state of health (1584); for ''in goeden doen zijn'' “to be well off” Van Veen and Van der Sijs read the noun as “business”.^(WNT)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The phrase ''van doen hebben'' “to need” is a blend of ''te doen hebben'' and ''van node hebben''.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''Zo gezegd, zo gedaan'' “no sooner said than done” is recorded in 1793.^(WNT)

+

+ In Belgium causative ''doen'' (''iemand doen lachen'') is commoner than in the Netherlands, where outside formal language ''laten'' is usual.^(WikiWoordenboek) De Vreese in 1899 condemned several Belgian uses as gallicisms copied from French ''faire'': ''het doet niets'' “it does not matter”, ''een bezoek doen'' and ''fouten doen''.^(De Vreese 1899) The sense “to see a place quickly”, as a tourist does, follows English ''to do''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) In Brabant ''doen'' is also an empty auxiliary in sentences that have no other.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb went abroad with Dutch: it gave Negerhollands ''doe'', ''du'', Berbice Dutch ''dun'' and Afrikaans [[m|af|doen]], Sranan Tongo ''du'' (from Dutch or English), and Swedish ''don'' “gear”, from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 791–891 – A comb from Oostum has the past tense ''deda'' “made”.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''duon'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''doen'' is first recorded.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105)

+ * 1525 – The noun ''doen'' “action” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1642 – ''Doen en laten'' “conduct” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1793 – ''Zo gezegd, zo gedaan'' is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1899 – De Vreese lists ''een bezoek doen'' among Belgian gallicisms.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|act]], to [[m|en|behave]]: ''Hij doet de laatste tijd erg vreemd.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Stands for a verb already mentioned: ''Zij las meer dan ik ooit deed.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|do]], carry out an action: ''huiswerk doen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|put]] somewhere or into a state: ''Doe de sleutels maar in de la.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To make someone feel or undergo something: ''Die brief deed haar veel verdriet.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|cost]]: ''Wat doen de aardbeien vandaag?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To clean: ''de ramen doen''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To see a place quickly, as a tourist: ''Ze deden Rome in twee dagen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' To make something happen, to cause, with an infinitive: ''Dat bericht deed hem twijfelen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Conduct, way of acting; in ''doen en laten'' a person's whole behaviour;^(WNT)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(WikiWoordenboek) ''in goeden doen zijn'', to be [[m|en|well off]].^(WNT)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[daad]]

+ * [[gedoe]]

+ * [[dooddoener]]

+ * [[doenbaar]]

+ * [[doenlijk]]

+ * [[ongedaan]]

+ * [[zodoende]]

+ * [[doener]]

+ * [[doevakantie]]

+ * [[genoegdoening]]

+ * [[aandoen]]

+ * [[afdoen]]

+ * [[gedaan]]

+ * [[voldoen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[maken]]

+ * [[en|do]]

+ * [[de|tun]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Middle Dutch ''doe'' and ''doen'' was also the adverb and conjunction “then, when”, recorded in Limburg around 1200; modern [[toen]] arose from it.^(VMNW)^(MNW)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}