willen Dutch · revision 37050

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *welh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʋɪl.ə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''willen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|willen]], [[inh|odt|willen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*willjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wiljaną|t=to want]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|willian]], [[goh|wellen]] (modern [[de|wollen]]), [[ofs|willa]], [[ang|willan]] (modern [[en|will]]), [[non|vilja]] and [[got|𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=wiljan]], all originally with the sense of wanting and wishing.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The Germanic present had the form of an optative, as the Gothic present forms still show, and Kroonen traces it to an optative paradigm of the parent language.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013) The past tense, originally with /i/, was in most languages remade after the preterite-presents such as [[zou|alt=zou]] and [[kon|alt=kon]]: Old Dutch [[m|odt|wolda]] gave modern [[wou|alt=wou(de)]], beside the analogical [[wilde|alt=wilde]].^(EWN) The modern ⟨ou⟩ comes from the regular change of ⟨ol⟩ before /d/ and /t/.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ With ablaut the same root gave [[gem-pro|*waljaną|t=to choose]], seen in the Old Dutch gloss [[m|odt|uuelida|t=he chose]], [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=waljan]], [[non|velja]] and [[de|wählen]] with [[m|de|Wahl]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Outside Germanic the root, [[ine-pro|*welh₁-|t=to choose, to want]], appears in [[la|volō|t=to want]], [[lt|vélti]] and [[cu|волити|tr=voliti|t=to choose, to want]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''willon'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, with a noun object: ''thiadi thia uuiga uuilunt'' “the peoples that want wars”.^(EWN)^(ONW) With an infinitive it is recorded about 1100 in the Leiden Willeram: ''wille ich iemer gehugan thero sinero micholen genathon'' “I will always remember his great mercies”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''willen'' is found in Limburg around 1200.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Thirteenth-century texts already use ''willen'' for “to demand”, “to approve”, “to threaten” and, as an auxiliary, “can” and “shall”.^(VMNW) The adverb ''willens'' “deliberately” is recorded from 1240, and the pair ''willens ende wetens'' from 1503–1516; the participle ''gewild'' “in demand” follows in 1635.^(EWN)

+

+ The third person ''hij wilt'', formed after other verbs, was fairly common in the 16th and early 17th centuries and is still heard in Flanders and Dutch Limburg; some Flemish dialects shorten the past tense to ''wā''.^(WNT) In modern Dutch the verb also expresses polite requests and, as an auxiliary, what tends to happen.^(Van Dale 2014) The Dutch Wiktionary also records a sense “to go round”, said of a rumour or story.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ The word lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|wil]], in Negerhollands ''wil'', ''wel'' “to wish, to love”, Skepi Dutch ''wel'', and in a Javanese dialect as ''wil'' “to want”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''willon'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The Leiden Willeram uses it with an infinitive.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''willen'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The adverb ''willens'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1503–1516 – ''Willens ende wetens'' “knowingly and deliberately” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1635 – The participle ''gewild'' “in demand” is recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|want]], [[m|en|wish]] for: ''Ik wil een nieuwe fiets.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(modal)'' To want to, be [[m|en|willing]] to: ''Zij wil volgend jaar in Utrecht studeren.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To want to go somewhere: ''De kinderen willen naar huis.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # To work, to succeed: ''De auto wilde vanochtend niet starten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Used for a polite [[m|en|request]]: ''Wil je het raam even dichtdoen?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Expresses what may or tends to happen: ''Zo'n griep wil weleens lang duren.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(past tense or conditional)'' Would like: ''Ik zou graag een kamer willen reserveren.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[wil]]

+ * [[gewild]]

+ * [[willens]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|will]]

+ * [[de|wollen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Beside ''wilde'' the past tense ''wou'' (plural ''wouden'') is common; it continues the old ablaut form.^(WNT)^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}