zullen Dutch · revision 37047

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *skel-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈzʏ.lə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zullen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sullen]], [[inh|odt|sulan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*skulan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*skulaną|t=to owe, to be obliged]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) It is a preterite-present verb, with a present [[m|gem-pro|*skal]] and plural [[m|gem-pro|*skulum]].^(EWN)^(WNT) The same verb is [[osx|skulan]], [[goh|scolan]] (modern [[de|sollen]]), [[ofs|skela]], [[ang|sculan]] (modern [[en|shall]]), [[non|skulu]] and [[got|𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽|tr=skulan|t=to owe, to be indebted]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ In continental West Germanic a variant with simple ⟨s-⟩ arose, probably first in unstressed position, where the verb served as an auxiliary: hence Middle Dutch [[m|dum|sal]] and [[de|soll|alt=soll]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|462) Franck and Van Wijk thought the loss of the ⟨k⟩ insufficiently explained.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The original ⟨sk-⟩ form survives in Middle Dutch in a single passage, as [[m|dum|scullen]].^(MNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The verb goes back to [[ine-pro|*skel-|t=to owe, to be guilty]], which also gave [[lt|skelėti|t=to owe, to be guilty]] and [[m|lt|skolà|t=debt]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) If the ⟨s-⟩ is a movable s, Lithuanian [[m|lt|kaltė|t=guilt]] may be related, but there are no further connections.^(EWN) The noun [[schuld]] and Gothic [[m|got|𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰|tr=skula|t=debtor]] belong to the same root.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(ONW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century ''sullon'' is used only as an auxiliary of the future, translating Latin future forms, as in ''ic sal beidan sin'' “I shall wait for him”.^(ONW)^(EWN) The older sense “to owe” is recorded only once, in a text from Werden of about 1151: the people honoured the Lord ''also sie scolden'', as they owed it to him by right.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first meaning was “to owe, to be obliged”, and the use for the future is secondary.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|462) In 13th-century Middle Dutch the verb most often meant “must”, especially in town by-laws, and with a negation “may not”.^(VMNW) That sense grew dated after the 17th century, except in fixed expressions and in the Bible, as in the commandment ''Ghi sult v vader ende v moeder eeren'' “you shall honour your father and mother” (1526).^(WNT)

+

+ As a future auxiliary ''zullen'' can carry a promise or intention; the past ''zou'' marks the future seen from the past, the conditional and, as a modal, a report one has not checked.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) The infinitive itself is rare: it is not recorded in 13th-century Dutch, occurs once in Middle Dutch and appears in the first half of the 17th century; the present participle is first found in the States Bible of 1637.^(WNT)

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+ Afrikaans [[m|af|sal]], Negerhollands ''sa'', ''sal'' and Sranan Tongo ''sa'', an auxiliary of an uncertain future, continue the verb.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''sullon'' marks the future in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – The Leiden Willeram has the form ''sculen''.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1151 – The only Old Dutch record of the sense “to owe”.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''sullen'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1526 – A Bible has ''Ghi sult'' in the Ten Commandments.^(WNT)

+ * 1637 – The present participle appears in the States Bible.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Forms the [[m|en|future]] tense, [[m|en|will]], [[m|en|shall]]: ''Morgen zal het gaan sneeuwen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Expresses an intention or promise: ''Ik zal je morgen terugbellen.''^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary, past tense)'' Forms the conditional, “would”: ''Ik zou het niet doen.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(modal)'' Expresses a [[m|en|probability]]: ''Ze zal wel moe zijn na die reis.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(modal, past tense)'' Marks a claim that is reported, not confirmed: ''De minister zou zijn opgestapt.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Must, in ''moeten en zullen'', to insist on having or doing something.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[schuld]]

+ * [[en|shall]]

+ * [[de|sollen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Het zal je maar gebeuren'' “just imagine it happening to you” expresses sympathy with someone in an unpleasant situation.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}