voor Dutch · revision 37044

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=918, Old Dutch place name|origins=ine-pro *pr̥h₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /voːr/, [vʊːr]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''voor'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vore]], [[inh|odt|fora]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*forē]], [[inh|gem-pro|*furai]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Two Proto-Germanic forms of much the same meaning have fallen together in it, this one and [[gem-pro|*furi]].^(EWN) Regular sound change would have given two modern forms, the second being dialectal [[veur]], and in most dialects one of them disappeared.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The dialect form is still widespread, but the standard language kept only the first.^(EWN)

+

+ The first form is also in [[osx|fora]], [[goh|fora]] (modern [[de|vor]]), [[ofs|fore]], [[ang|fore]] (modern [[en|for]]) and [[got|𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰|tr=faura]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The second is [[odt|furi]], [[m|osx|furi]], [[m|goh|furi|alt=furi]] (modern [[m|de|für]]), [[non|fyrir]] and [[m|got|𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂|tr=faur]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) German still keeps its two prepositions apart and has given them different meanings.^(EWN)

+

+ They are related to [[grc|παρά|tr=pará|t=beside]] and [[grc|παραί|tr=paraí]], [[sa|पुरा|tr=purā́|t=formerly]] and, with another ablaut grade, [[la|prae|t=before]], from [[ine-pro|*pr̥h₂-]].^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) [[la|prō]] fits well in meaning, but is not thought to be related.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Old Dutch the word is first found in place names: ''Forschate'', Voorschoten near Leiden, in 918.^(ONW) ''Forahura'', a lease paid in advance, follows in 945, and the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms have ''furi quamon furista'', “the princes came in front”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch has the preposition from the early 13th century: ''men lachte uor em dar broet'', “bread was laid there before him” (1220–40).^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch already used ''vore'' and ''vor'' for place (“in front of”), for time (“earlier, before”), for price (''XII d. vor koren'', “twelve pence for grain”, 1281), for preference (''si coren strijt vor vrede'', “they chose war over peace”, 1285) and as a conjunction “before” (1284).^(EWN)^(VMNW) Kiliaan in 1599 gives both ''voor'' and ''veur''.^(EWN)

+

+ ''Het voor en tegen'', “the pros and cons”, is a loan translation of French ''le pour et le contre''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Dutch passed the preposition to Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch (''foro''), Javindo and Petjo, and probably to Swedish;^(Van der Sijs 2010) Makassarese ''pôr'' means a forward in football.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 918 – The place name ''Forschate'' (Voorschoten) is recorded.^(ONW)

+ * 945 – Old Dutch ''forahura'' “rent paid in advance” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Furi'' and ''furitekin'' “omen” appear in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''uor alle de brodre'', “before all the brothers”, is recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1284 – ''Vor'' is used as a conjunction, “before”.^(EWN)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan lists ''voor'' and ''veur''.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # In front of: ''de auto staat voor het huis'', “the car is in front of the house”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In the presence of.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|before]], earlier than: ''voor zonsopgang'', “before sunrise”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|for]], for the benefit of: ''een cadeau voor mijn moeder'', “a present for my mother”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In favour of: ''voor het plan stemmen'', “to vote for the plan”.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # For, in exchange for, at a price of.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # For, as regards; for a period of time.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # At the front, ahead; in favour.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''(informal)'' Before; [[voordat]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A pro, an argument in favour, as in ''het voor en tegen''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[voordat]]

+ * [[vooral]]

+ * [[voorbeeld]]

+ * [[voordeel]]

+ * [[voorhoede]]

+ * [[voorjaar]]

+ * [[voorkeur]]

+ * [[voorbarig]]

+ * [[vooraf]]

+ * [[vooraan]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[voort]]

+ * [[vorig]]

+ * [[vorst]]

+ * [[ver-]]

+ * [[en|for]]

+ * [[de|vor]]

+ * [[de|für]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Voor'' (also ''vore''), “[[m|en|furrow]]”, is a separate word: Middle Dutch ''vore'', recorded about 1240, from [[gem-pro|*furhs|alt=*furh-]], related to English ''furrow'', German [[m|de|Furche]] and Latin [[m|la|porca|t=ridge between furrows]].^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|418)^(Kroonen 2013)^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}