mutilus Latin · revision 36995

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=116–27 BC, Varro}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈmʊ.tɪ.ɫʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈmuː.ti.lus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mutilus''' (feminine mutila, neuter mutilum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is unknown.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan and the OLD compare [[ga|mut|t=short]],^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) and de Vaan also [[gd|mutach|t=short]], both from a form [[m|cel|*mutt-]].^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler, after Pokorny, sets up [[ine-pro|*mutos|t=docked]].^(Köbler 2010) Wiktionary compares [[m|la|muticus|t=docked]] and [[grc|μίτυλος|tr=mítulos|t=hornless]],^(Wiktionary) a Greek word that Lewis & Short and Georges also give.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) The TLL equates it with the personal name [[osc|Mutil]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Varro,^(de Vaan 2008) who speaks of a hornless ox (''mutilum bovem'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Caesar says that elks have stunted horns (''mutilae sunt cornibus''),^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) and Horace turns the sense into a joke: “do you threaten like this, even with your horn cut off?” (''sic mutilus minitaris?'').^(Conte 2010)^(Georges 1913) Cicero uses it of speech, of clipped and broken phrases (''mutila loqui'').^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ It was said of anything with a part missing: Apuleius has a cot short of one leg (''grabatulus uno pede mutilus''),^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Gellius uses it of letters, and the Theodosian Code of men who had cut off a finger to escape military service.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) It survives in [[m|it|mutilo]], and Conte compares [[m|it|mozzo]].^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of a hornless ox.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of clipped phrases.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of elks with stunted horns.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it jokingly of a man with a horn cut off.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of a cot missing a leg.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 438 AD – The Theodosian Code uses it of men who had cut off a finger.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Having a part broken off or missing; [[m|en|mutilated]], [[m|en|truncated]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(of animals)'' [[m|en|hornless|alt=Hornless]] or with stunted horns.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(of speech)'' Clipped, curtailed.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mutilō]]

+ * [[admutilō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|mutilate]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Some manuscripts of Cato (''De agri cultura'' 158) have a separate ''mūtilus'', a shellfish, for which the right spelling is [[mitulus|alt=mītulus]].^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913) Lewis & Short give [[truncus]], [[curtus]] and [[mancus]] as near-synonyms.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}