fraces Latin · revision 36993

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=itc-pro *frakēs}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fracēs''' ''f pl'' (genitive fracum); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Flacēs'' also occurs, and glossaries have a singular ''frax''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ No genitive is recorded.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*frakēs]].^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan groups it with words for dregs and yeast elsewhere: [[non|dregg|t=yeast, dregs]], [[prg|dragios|t=yeast]], [[lt|drãgės]] and [[lv|dradži]].^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD likewise compares the Norse word and English [[m|en|dregs]].^(OLD 2012) Since their vowels and consonants do not match, de Vaan takes them all to be loans from an unknown non-Indo-European language, or from a lost Indo-European one.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary gives an earlier [[m|itc-pro|*θrakēs]] and [[ine-pro|*dʰrā́ks|t=dregs, sediment]], probably itself not of Indo-European origin.^(Wiktionary) Lewis & Short connected it with [[m|la|frangō|t=to break]], as “broken bits”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan explains ⟨flacēs⟩ as influenced by [[m|la|floccēs]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Cato on,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010) who warns that the longer oil stays on the watery residue and the pulp, the worse it will be (''oleum quam diutissime in amurca et in fracibus erit, tam deterrimum erit'').^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Strictly the word means the solid fragments of pulp left after the olives are pressed, as opposed to the watery [[amurca]]; more loosely, the lees of olive oil.^(OLD 2012) After Cato it is used by Columella, Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of the pulp left after pressing olives.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The solid fragments of [[m|en|olive]] pulp left after pressing.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # The [[m|en|lees]] or [[m|en|dregs]] of olive oil.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fraceō]]

+ * [[fracidus]]

+ * [[fracēscō]]

+ * [[cōnfracēscō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}