praetergredior Latin · revision 36949

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la gradior}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [prae̯.tɛrˈɡrɛ.di.ɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [pre.terˈɡrɛː.di.or]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''praetergredior''' (present infinitive praetergredī, perfect active praetergressus sum); third (-iō variant) conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|praeter-|gradior|t1=past, beyond|t2=to step, walk]],^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) with the root vowel ⟨e⟩ that the compounds of that verb have in a non-initial syllable.^(de Vaan 2008) The simple verb goes back to [[itc-pro|*grad-(e)i-]] and [[ine-pro|*g(h)rd(h)-(e)i-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it from Cicero, the ''Bellum Africum'', Sallust and Livy on, rarely and at first mostly in military contexts.^(TLL) In one of Cicero's letters his prefect reports that the addressee has already marched past his camp (''tē iam castra mea praetergressum esse'').^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Sallust uses it of a rearguard that has passed the front ranks of its opponent,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Livy of an army that passes a town without even trying to storm it,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) and Tacitus of marching past a people's borders.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The speech to Caesar ascribed to Sallust uses it figuratively, of a man who has so far surpassed others.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Apuleius uses it of walking past, and the TLL finds it in verse only in Ausonius.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ Jerome and the Vulgate use it somewhat more often:^(TLL) in Mark the disciples pass through Galilee, and in Proverbs it means to overlook an offence.^(Conte 2010) In Ecclesiastical Latin it also means to go beyond or transgress.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of marching past a camp.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it of a rearguard passing an enemy's front ranks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of passing a town without attacking it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of marching past borders.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 383–419/420 AD – Jerome's Vulgate uses it of passing through Galilee and of overlooking an offence.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To march or go past (without an object).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|pass]] by (a place or person).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To [[m|en|surpass]], excel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' To pass over, [[m|en|overlook]] (an offence).^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To go beyond, [[m|en|transgress]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gradior]]

+ * [[praetereō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}