colludo Latin · revision 36921

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *loid-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɔlˈluː.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kolˈluː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''collūdō''' (present infinitive collūdere, perfect active collūsī, supine collūsum); third conjugation, no passive^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''conlūdō'' also occurs.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|con-|lūdō|t2=to play]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|lūdō]] to [[itc-pro|*loid-e/o-|t=to play]] and [[ine-pro|*loid-|t=to let go frequently, play]], probably an o-grade present of frequentative meaning.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[mga|laídid|t=impels]] and [[lt|léisti|t=to let]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it first in Cicero,^(TLL) who in the ''Verrines'' uses it of collusion: ''nisi tēcum tum collūsisset'', “unless he had then been in collusion with you”.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to play together or play with: Virgil uses it of feathers playing on the surface of water, Horace of a boy who longs to play with his equals, and Pliny the Elder of elephants performing a war dance together.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short call this sense very rare.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ As a legal term it meant to act in collusion, keeping up false appearances with one party to harm another.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Petronius has aediles who collude with the bakers on the principle “you look after me, I'll look after you”, and Seneca the Elder and Ulpian use it of collusion between parties.^(OLD 2012) The TLL counts single passages in Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Petronius, Pliny and the pseudo-Quintilian declamations, four in Seneca the Elder, and more in the jurists and later writers.^(TLL) English took [[m|en|collude]] from it in the 1520s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of collusion.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of feathers playing on the water.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of a boy playing with his equals.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius uses it of aediles colluding with bakers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it as a legal term.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1520s – English borrows it as ''collude''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To play together, play with.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(law)'' To act in [[m|en|collusion]], have a secret understanding with someone to the harm of a third party.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[colludium]]

+ * [[collūsim]]

+ * [[collūsiō]]

+ * [[collūsor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|collude]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}