emunio Latin · revision 36919

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=la moenia}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [eːˈmuː.ni.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eˈmuː.ni.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ēmūniō''' (present infinitive ēmūnīre, perfect active ēmūnīvī or ēmūniī, supine ēmūnītum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|mūniō|t2=to fortify]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan treats [[m|la|mūniō]] under [[m|la|moenia|t=walls]], from [[itc-pro|*moini-|t=protective wall]], and tentatively reconstructs [[m|ine-pro|*(H)moi-ni-|t=construction]].^(de Vaan 2008) He compares [[lv|mìet|t=to drive piles]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short find it no earlier than the Augustan age.^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Virgil's ''Aeneid'' doorposts are made secure with a barrier: ''fultōsque ēmūniit obice postēs''.^(Conte 2010)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Livy uses it of a wall built higher than elsewhere at a vulnerable point, and of a place enclosed with squared stone and fortified like a citadel.^(Georges 1913) Columella uses it of protecting vines from cattle with cages and of securing the floors and walls of granaries.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Seneca the Elder has a mind armed against fear.^(Conte 2010) Statius uses it of piling couches high with coverings,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) and Tacitus of building roads through woods and marshes, ''silvīs ac palūdibus ēmūniendīs''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of making doorposts secure.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of walls and fortified places.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of protecting vines and granaries.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius uses it of piling couches high.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of building roads through woods and marshes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|fortify]], make secure, protect, especially with walls or embankments.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To arm (the mind) against something.^(Conte 2010)

+ # To pile high (couches, cushions).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To build roads or [[m|en|causeway|alt=causeways]] through (woods, marshes).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mūniō]]

+ * [[moenia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}