accumulo Latin · revision 36865

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la cumulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [akˈkʊ.mʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [akˈkuː.mu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''accumulō''' (present infinitive accumulāre, perfect active accumulāvī, supine accumulātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelt ''adcumulō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ad-|cumulō|t2=to heap up]],^(OLD 2012)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014)^(TLL) and [[m|la|cumulō]] is formed from [[m|la|cumulus|t=heap, pile]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan notes that the verb is attested much earlier than the noun, and reconstructs [[itc-pro|*kumo-]] and [[ine-pro|*ḱuh₁-mo-|t=heap]], comparing [[grc|κῦμα|tr=kûma|t=wave, swell]];^(de Vaan 2008) Schrijver doubts the link with the root “to swell” because of the short /u/.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan has it from Lucretius on,^(de Vaan 2008) who uses it of death piling up crowded bodies in heaps, and of piling slaughter on slaughter.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The TLL counts two uses in Cicero and calls it a word suited above all to poets, which passed into the prose of the Silver Age.^(TLL) Cicero uses it of amassing money,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and an epitaph of a Scipio boasts of having added to the virtues of the family by the speaker's own conduct.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil uses it of heaping gifts on the soul of a grandson,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) and Pliny the Elder uses it as a gardening term for heaping soil round the roots of plants.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gellius uses it of piling up words.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Medieval writers use it of collecting and counting together (Bede of adding up a number), of increasing, and of paying; in medicine the MLW records an astringent remedy.^(MLW) English [[m|en|accumulate]] (1520s) comes from its past participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of heaping up the dead and of piling slaughter on slaughter.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of amassing money.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of loading someone with gifts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of heaping soil round roots.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 8th century – Bede uses it of adding up a number.^(MLW)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1520s – English borrows [[m|en|accumulate]] from its past participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To heap up, pile up, [[m|en|accumulate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To add (facts, words) by way of [[m|en|exaggeration]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To add to, [[m|en|increase]], [[m|en|enhance]].^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # To load (someone with gifts); to heap (gifts) on.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To heap soil over or round the roots of (plants).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To add up, count together; to pay.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[accumulātiō]]

+ * [[accumulātor]]

+ * [[accumulātē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[circumcumulō]]

+ * [[cumulō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}