mutuo Latin · revision 36845

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la mūtuus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈmuː.tu.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈmuː.tu.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mūtuō''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|mūtuus|-ō|t1=reciprocal, borrowed]], an adverb from the ablative of the adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Georges 1913) De Vaan traces [[m|la|mūtuus]] to [[itc-pro|*moito-|t=(object of) exchange]], whose further origin is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler and Georges find it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010)^(Georges 1913) who has it of the tides of the sea, coming in and going out by turns.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It appears in the letters to Cicero from Lepidus and Plancus, of mutual zeal and goodwill and of returning another's affection.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Quintus Curtius uses it in the sense of jointly or alike,^(OLD 2012) and Suetonius and Apuleius have it of exchanged services and mutual accusations.^(Conte 2010) Döderlein distinguishes it from [[invicem]]: both mean reciprocally, but ''invicem'' refers rather to actions done in turn and ''mūtuō'' to mutual states.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ Ecclesiastical Latin uses it for mutually, to one another, in return.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the tides.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Quintus Curtius uses it in the sense of jointly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it of exchanged services.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|mutually|alt=Mutually]], [[m|en|reciprocally]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In return.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Jointly, alike.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mūtuus]]

+ * [[mūtuor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The OLD and the dictionaries list beside it a verb ''mūtuō'' “to borrow”, an active form of [[mūtuor]] found in Caecilius and in Pliny the Elder, who has the moon shine with light borrowed from the sun.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}