iusiurandum Latin · revision 36828

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la iūs#2}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [juːs.juːˈran.dũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [jus.juˈran.dum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūsiūrandum''' ''n'' (genitive iūrisiūrandī or iūsiūrandī); variously declined, third declension, second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Often written as two words, ''iūs iūrandum'', with both parts declined: genitive ''iūris iūrandī'', ablative ''iūre iūrandō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the order inverted, ''iūrandō iūre'', and Pacuvius the plural ''iūra iūranda''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|iūs#2|iūrandus|t1=law, right|t2=to be sworn]], the gerundive of [[m|la|iūrō|t=to swear]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan explains that verb as made from the noun, [[itc-pro|*jowes-ā-je-]], and the noun as probably an old s-stem.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it from Plautus, Naevius, Cato and Terence on.^(TLL) In the ''Captivi'' a character asks whether he will be doubted when he swears solemnly, if an oath carries little trust.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant an oath, whether or not in a legal setting.^(OLD 2012) Cicero defined it as a religious affirmation and said that whoever breaks an oath wrongs Fides, whose temple stood beside Jupiter's on the Capitol.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Its many set phrases are listed by Lewis and Short and Georges: to swear an oath, to take one, to tender it to an opponent in court, to demand or refuse it, to release someone from it, and to bind a person or a state by oath.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ Döderlein contrasts it, and the later ''iūrāmentum'', with ''sacrāmentum'', the soldier's oath to his standard.^(Döderlein 1874) Servius distinguished the oath, which prays for good things, from the curse, which prays for evil.^(TLL) Ecclesiastical Latin kept it for an oath,^(Stelten 1995) and Köbler records it in the Bible, the capitularies, the formularies and the Burgundian and Visigothic laws.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a solemn oath.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it in a speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius has the plural ''iūra iūranda''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of an oath that confirms trust.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero defines it as a religious affirmation.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of binding men by oath.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 533 AD – The Digest uses it of releasing a party from an oath.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|oath]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iūs#2]]

+ * [[iūrō]]

+ * [[sacrāmentum]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases: ''iūsiūrandum dare'' “to swear an oath”, ''iūsiūrandum accipere'' “to take an oath, be sworn”, ''iūsiūrandum dēferre'' “to tender an oath (to an opponent)”, ''iūre iūrandō adigere'' “to bind by oath”, ''iūre iūrandō stāre'' “to keep one's oath”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''iūsiūrandum'', a civil oath by which a person confirms or promises something, from [[sacrāmentum]], the military oath, and quotes Livy on the first time soldiers were bound by an oath before the tribunes, when until then there had been only the ''sacrāmentum''.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}