sardonyx Latin · revision 36800

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1st century AD, Pliny the Elder|origins=grc σαρδόνυξ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈsar.dɔ.nyks]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈsar.do.niks]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sardonyx''' ''m'' or f (genitive sardonychos or sardonychis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Pliny, Persius and Juvenal use it as feminine, Juvenal and Martial also as masculine.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Juvenal has the genitive plural ''sardonychum'', and late writers have the accusatives ''sardonycem'' (Jerome) and ''sardonychen'' (Prudentius).^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|σαρδόνυξ|tr=sardónux]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The Greek word is a compound of [[m|grc|σάρδιον|tr=sárdion|t=carnelian]], probably at first “stone from Sardis”, and [[m|grc|ὄνυξ|tr=ónux|t=onyx]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Köbler 2010) The name of the onyx is perhaps the same as the Greek word for a nail, from the stone's white glaze.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the 1st century AD, in Pliny the Elder and in Persius, as the name of the precious stone.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The meaning stayed that of the gem, the sardonyx, in Martial and Juvenal and in late writers such as Jerome and Prudentius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) The Vulgate has an adjective ''sardonychus'', “of sardonyx”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder describes the sardonyx.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 34–62 AD – Persius uses it as a feminine noun.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 40–102/103 AD – Martial uses it as a masculine noun.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate has the adjective ''sardonychus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|sardonyx|alt=Sardonyx]], a precious stone.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sardonychātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[onyx]]

+ * [[en|sardonyx]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}