torno Latin · revision 3680

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=grc τόρνος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtɔr.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɔr.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tornō''' (present infinitive tornāre, perfect active tornāvī, supine tornātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a verb formed from [[tornus]] “lathe”,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) which is [[bor|grc|τόρνος|tr=tórnos|t=lathe, compasses]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Georges and Saalfeld compare the Greek verb [[grc|τορνεύω|tr=torneúō|t=to turn on a lathe]].^(Georges 1913)^(Saalfeld 1874)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero (81–43 BC),^(Köbler 2010) who says the creator turned the world so that nothing could be rounder, and speaks of a turned sphere.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its classical sense was to turn on a lathe and so to make round, as Pliny's turned spear shafts and stone turned into vessels.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Horace's ''male tornati versus'', “badly turned verses”, used it figuratively of shaping a poem.^(Gaffiot 2016) Jerome uses it of twisting one's beard.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In the Romance languages it came to mean simply “to turn” and “to return”: Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''tornare'', ''tornar'', French ''tourner''.^(Wiktionary) English ''turn'' comes from it, partly through late Old English ''turnian'' and partly through Old French ''torner'', and ''return'' from the Old French compound ''retorner''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the round world and of a sphere.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace speaks of badly turned verses.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of turned spear shafts.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late Old English – ''turnian'' is borrowed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To turn on a [[m|en|lathe]], round off.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To shape, turn (verses).^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913)

+ # To [[m|en|turn]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dētornō]]

+ * [[tornātilis]]

+ * [[tornātor]]

+ * [[tornātūra]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tornus]]

+ * [[en|turn]]

+ * [[en|return]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}