triumviralis Latin · revision 36691

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=65–8 BC, Horace|origins=la triumvir}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [tri.ʊn.wɪˈraː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tri.um.viˈraː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''triumvirālis''' (neuter triumvirāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|triumvir|-ālis|t1=one of a board of three men]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in Horace,^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879) who in the ''Epodes'' speaks of a man cut by the ''flagella triumvirālia'', the whips of the triumvirs who had charge of prisons and punishments.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was used of the ''triumvirī capitālēs'', who carried out punishments: Tacitus' ''triumvirāle supplicium'' is the death penalty that they executed.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) It was also used of the triumvirate of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus, whose proscription Seneca and Quintilian call ''triumvirālis prōscrīptiō'',^(Conte 2010)^(Georges 1913) and the elder Seneca speaks of ''triumvirālia arma''.^(Georges 1913) Lactantius still uses the phrase for the proscription.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ English borrowed it as [[m|en|triumviral]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace speaks of the triumvirs' whips.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of the triumvirs' proscription.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian writes of the ''triumvirālis prōscrīptiō''.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus has the ''triumvirāle supplicium''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–317 AD – Lactantius mentions the proscription.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or relating to a [[triumvir]] or triumvirs.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of the ''triumvirī capitālēs'', who had charge of prisons and [[m|en|execution|alt=executions]]: ''triumvirāle supplicium'', the death penalty.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # Of the [[m|en|triumvirate]] of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus: ''triumvirālis prōscrīptiō'', their [[m|en|proscription]].^(Conte 2010)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|triumviral]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}