cultura Latin · revision 3668

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cato|origins=ine-pro *kʷelh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kʊɫˈtuː.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kulˈtuː.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cultūra''' ''f'' (genitive cultūrae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|colo|-tura|alt1=colō|t1=to till, cultivate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The verb is [[inh|itc-pro|*kʷele/o-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷelh₁-e/o-|t=to go round]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in Cato (234–149 BC), who says that the rest of cultivation is hoeing much and weeding carefully.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was the tilling of land, often in the phrase ''agri cultura'', “agriculture”, as in Cato, Varro and Cicero, and the cultivation of vines and gardens.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Cicero's “philosophy is the cultivation of the mind” gave it the sense of training or improving the faculties.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It also meant the upkeep of a monument, the cultivation of a powerful friend in Horace, and the observance of religious rites in Apuleius.^(OLD 2012) In Medieval Latin it meant worship, veneration and religion.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) English ''culture'' was borrowed in the mid-15th century, first for tilling land.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of cultivating land.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''cultura animi'', “cultivation of the mind”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of courting a powerful friend.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of religious rites.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''culture'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Tilling, [[m|en|cultivation]] (of land), ''agri cultura'': [[m|en|agriculture]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Training, improvement (of the mind).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Care, upkeep (of a monument).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Cultivation (of a person's friendship).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Observance (of religious rites).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Worship, veneration.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[agricultūra]]

+ * [[avicultūra]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[agricola]]

+ * [[colō]]

+ * [[colōna]]

+ * [[colōnārius]]

+ * [[colōnātus]]

+ * [[colōnia]]

+ * [[colōniārius]]

+ * [[colōnicus]]

+ * [[colōnus]]

+ * [[culta]]

+ * [[en|culture]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}