secundum Latin · revision 36677

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la sequor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [sɛˈkʊn.dũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [seˈkun.dum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''secundum''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[der|la|secundus|t=following; second]], whose neuter is used as an adverb and a preposition.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan explains that adjective as a preform [[itc-pro|*sekwo-ndo-|t=following]], made from [[m|la|sequor|t=to follow]], which came to be used as the ordinal “second”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on,^(Köbler 2010) both as an adverb, ''age i tu secundum'' (“go on, you follow behind”),^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and as a preposition, ''hominum secundum litus'' (“people along the shore”).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Plautus already uses the preposition of time, “after”, and of rank, “next to”;^(OLD 2012) Cato has it in an order of feeding, giving elm leaves after millet.^(OLD 2012) The sense “in accordance with” appears in Terence and Cicero, as in ''secundum tabulās testāmentī'', “according to the terms of the will”, in the Verrines,^(OLD 2012) and in legal language it meant “in favour of” a party.^(OLD 2012) As an adverb it is rare: “behind”, and “in the second place”, “secondly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it also meant “as regards”, “in proportion to” and “like”,^(Niermeyer 1976) and scholastic Latin used ''secundum quid'', “relatively”, “in a certain respect”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it as an adverb and a preposition, of place, time and rank.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of order, “after”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of conformity, “in keeping with”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of conformity with a will.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it for “after and in view of” an event.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(+ accusative)'' [[m|en|behind|alt=Behind]], following after.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|along|alt=Along]], alongside; next to, beside.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of time)'' After, immediately after.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Next to in order or rank, second to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # In [[m|en|accordance]] with, according to; in keeping with.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(law)'' In [[m|en|favour]] of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # In pursuance of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' As regards; in proportion to; like.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Behind, after.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In the second place, secondly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[secundus]]

+ * [[sequor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In the sense “secondly” it is equivalent to [[secundō]].^(OLD 2012) Niermeyer also records a medieval noun ''secundum'', a second as a division of time.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}