citra Latin · revision 36676

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la cis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkɪ.traː], [ˈkɪt.raː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈt͡ʃiː.tra], [ˈt͡ʃit.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''citrā''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|citer|-ā|t1=nearer]],^(Wiktionary) with the adverbial ending of [[m|la|suprā]] and [[m|la|ultrā]];^(OLD 2012) the OLD derives it directly from [[m|la|cis|t=on this side of]].^(OLD 2012) In de Vaan's account the old series was ⟨cis⟩, ⟨citer⟩ and ⟨citimus⟩, from [[itc-pro|*ki-tero-]] and [[ine-pro|*ḱi|t=this here]], a variant of the root of the particle [[m|la|-ce]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognates of the root include [[xum|çimu|t=back]] and [[lt|šìs|t=this]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates the preposition from Lucretius,^(de Vaan 2008) who writes of the air that is seen first on this side of the doorposts: ''primus enim citra postis tum cernitur aer''.^(OLD 2012) The adverb appears in Cicero's ''Topica'', “at a nearer point”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Cicero uses it of bringing an army to this side of the Rubicon,^(OLD 2012) and ''citrā mare'' meant “on this side of the sea”, in Italy.^(OLD 2012) Horace speaks of limits beyond and short of which right cannot stand (''quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum'').^(OLD 2012) Ovid extends it to time, “before”, and to degree, “below, less than”: ''nec virtus citra genus est'' (“nor is his courage below his birth”).^(OLD 2012) From Ovid and Celsus on it also meant “without”: ''peccavi citra scelus'' (“I did wrong, but without crime”).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Ecclesiastical Latin used it for “aside from, except”,^(Stelten 1995) and in Medieval Latin it could even mean “on the other side of”, “on either side of”, “about” and “free from”, with an adverb “since then”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it as a preposition, “on this side of”.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the adverb and the preposition.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of limits, “short of”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of time and degree, and for “without”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it for “without”, of anointing short of sweating.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # On this side, on the near side.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with motion)'' To this side.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Short of the mark, or of a given amount.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(+ accusative)'' On this side of;^(OLD 2012) ''citrā mare'', on this side of the sea, in Italy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of time)'' [[m|en|before|alt=Before]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Short of; below, less than.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|without|alt=Without]], apart from; without going as far as.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' On the other side of; on either side of; about; free from.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cis]]

+ * [[citrō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}