offirmo Latin · revision 36641

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *dher-mo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɔfˈfɪr.moː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ofˈfir.mo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''offirmō''' (present infinitive offirmāre, perfect active offirmāvī, supine offirmātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ob-|firmō|t2=to make firm]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) That verb is formed from [[m|la|firmus|t=firm]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*fermo-]] and [[ine-pro|*dher-mo-|t=holding]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on,^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) meaning to make the mind hard and unyielding, or to make up one's mind: ''satin offirmātum quod mihi erat, id mē exōrat?'', “am I being talked out of what I had firmly resolved?”^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In early Latin it is used of hardening the will or oneself (''offirmā tē''), and of making up one's mind to a course of action, in Plautus, Terence, Pacuvius and Accius.^(OLD 2012) Catullus has ''quīn tū animō offirmās'', “why do you not steel your heart?”^(OLD 2012) In classical Latin it is mostly found in the participle ''offirmātus'', “resolute, obstinate”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Festus glosses ''offirmātō'' as “obstinate, persevering”.^(TLL)

+

+ The physical sense, to make something fast, appears in Apuleius, of a pole used to bar the doors of a stable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of hardening one's resolve.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it reflexively and with an infinitive.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it intransitively of steeling oneself.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca speaks of a mind steeled to endure everything.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of barring doors.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make (something) [[m|en|firm]] against attack, to [[m|en|bar]], secure.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To make (the mind or will) unyielding;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(reflexive or intransitive)'' to steel oneself, refuse to give way.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make up one's mind to, [[m|en|persist]] in (a course of action).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[offirmātē]]

+ * [[offirmātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[affirmō]]

+ * [[firmō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}