provocatio Latin · revision 36592

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Lex repetundarum (CIL 1.583)|origins=la vocō}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōvocātiō''' ''f'' (genitive prōvocātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prōvocō|-tiō|t1=to call out, challenge, appeal]], a noun of action.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The verb is formed from [[m|la|prō-]] and [[m|la|vocō|t=to call]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it first in the law on extortion, the ''lex repetundarum'',^(TLL) which deals with granting the right of appeal.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Roman public law it was the appeal of a citizen to the people against the coercive power of a magistrate, and also the right to make such an appeal: Cicero reports a law that no magistrate should put a Roman citizen to death ''adversus prōvocātiōnem'', in defiance of an appeal.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Under the empire it was an appeal to a higher authority.^(OLD 2012) Ulpian apparently uses it for a summons to appear in court.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ From the time of Livy and Velleius it was also a challenge to single combat, as in the phrase ''ex prōvocātiōne'', “on a challenge”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) In the Vulgate it means a stimulus or encouragement: the Letter to the Hebrews urges believers ''in prōvocātiōnem cāritātis'', to stir one another to love.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995) British medieval writers use it for the bringing about of something, especially of God's anger or vengeance.^(DMLBS) English took it about 1400 as [[m|en|provocation]], at first meaning incitement.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the citizen's appeal against a magistrate.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy has a speaker claim to have fought twenty-three times ''ex prōvocātiōne'', on a challenge.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 20 BC–30 AD – Velleius uses the same phrase of killing an enemy in single combat.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian seems to use it for a summons to court.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it for an encouragement to love.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – English borrows it as [[m|en|provocation]], partly through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|challenge]] to single combat.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(law)'' Apparently, a [[m|en|summons]] to appear in court.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' An [[m|en|appeal]] to the people by a citizen against a magistrate's coercion; under the empire, an appeal to a higher authority.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(law)'' The right of such an appeal.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' A [[m|en|stimulus]], encouragement, [[m|en|provocation]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The bringing about of something, especially of anger or vengeance.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|provocation]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}