crustulum Latin · revision 36534

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la crusta}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crustulum''' ''n'' (genitive crustulī); second declension^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Inscriptions have the shortened ''crustlum'' and the form ''clustrum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|crustum|-ulum|t1=cake, pastry]], a diminutive.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) De Vaan lists both words as derivatives of [[m|la|crusta|t=crust]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*krusto-|t=hardened]] and [[ine-pro|*krus-to-|t=crushed, pounded]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has it first,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) in the ''Stichus'', for a small [[m|en|pastry]] crumbled up.^(TLL)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It named a small [[m|en|cake]] or sweet pastry, a kind of ''placenta''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Lucilius has someone taste the pastries alone,^(TLL) and Horace recalls how coaxing teachers once gave pastries to boys, a picture Jerome echoes.^(TLL) Seneca speaks of consoling children with a pastry, and Juvenal of a slave licking pastries.^(TLL)

+

+ Paulus' abridgement of Festus mentions a sacrificial pastry shaped like a boat and cooked in oil,^(TLL) and the life of Hadrian in the ''Historia Augusta'' lists it with pheasant, sow's udder and ham in the dish called ''tetrapharmacum''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it in the ''Stichus''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of tasting pastries.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of pastries given to schoolboys.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of consoling children.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 67–c. 127 AD – Juvenal uses it in his ninth satire.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A small [[m|en|cake]] or [[m|en|pastry]], a sweet.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crustulārius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crusta]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}