inclementia Latin · revision 36485

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=la clēmēns}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋ.kɫeːˈmɛn.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋ.kleˈmɛn.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''inclēmentia''' ''f'' (genitive inclēmentiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|inclēmēns|-ia]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) from [[m|la|inclēmēns|t=harsh, merciless]], the negative of [[m|la|clēmēns|t=mild, merciful]].^(Wiktionary) The origin of [[m|la|clēmēns|alt=clēmēns]] itself is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Virgil is the first to use it: in the ''Aeneid'' it is the “harshness of the gods” that overturns ''hās opēs'', “this power”, and in the ''Georgics'' he speaks of the harshness of cruel death.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a word of poetry and post-classical prose:^(Lewis & Short 1879) the hexameter poets use it from Virgil on, and in prose it appears from Tacitus.^(TLL) Tacitus uses it of severity towards the accused,^(Conte 2010)^(Georges 1913) and later writers of the harshness of fate, of the sea, and of the [[m|en|climate]], ''inclēmentia caelī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) It continued in medieval Latin,^(Köbler 2010) and Italian has it as [[m|it|inclemenza]].^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of the gods and of death.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius speaks of the harshness of fate.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of severity towards defendants.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Harshness, [[m|en|severity]], lack of [[m|en|mercy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Roughness of weather or climate.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}