foro Latin · revision 36475

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *foraje/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈfɔ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfɔː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''forō''' (present infinitive forāre, perfect active forāvī, supine forātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*foraje/o-]], which de Vaan explains as an iterative verb [[ine-pro|*bʰorH-(i-)|t=to pierce many times, bore]], since verbs of this root show the same o-grade in other branches; the final laryngeal would then have become a vowel in Latin.^(de Vaan 2008) Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny took it instead as a verb made from a noun, which de Vaan finds conceivable, and he also allows a noun [[m|ine-pro|*bʰorH-h₂-|t=hole]] as its base.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary likewise derives it from the root [[m|ine-pro|*bʰerH-]] and leaves the exact pre-form open.^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[m|la|feriō|t=to strike]] and [[en|bore]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Cognate with [[lt|bárti|t=to scold, accuse, forbid]], [[lv|bãrti|t=to scold, blame]], [[non|berja|t=to beat, hit]] and [[goh|berjan|t=to hit, pound, knead]], the last two from [[gem-pro|*barjan-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and the OLD find it first in Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) whose ''Mostellaria'' threatens someone that he will be pierced with goads through the streets: ''ita tē forābunt patibulātum per viās stimulīs'', “so they will prick you with goads along the roads, tied to the cross-bar”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is to bore through or pierce something;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short call the verb rare and mostly post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Columella speaks of bored trees and uses it for making holes by boring, such as holes in hives too small to take more than one swarm.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Macrobius has ears that are well pierced.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The TLL notes that it lives on in the Romance languages, as in [[it|forare]] and [[pt|forar]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for piercing with goads.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of bored trees and of boring holes in beehives.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * first half of the 5th century AD – Macrobius uses it of pierced ears.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|bore]] through, [[m|en|pierce]], [[m|en|perforate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To make (holes) by boring.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circumforō]]

+ * [[forābilis]]

+ * [[forāgō]]

+ * [[forāmen]]

+ * [[foratus]]

+ * [[inforō]]

+ * [[perforō]]

+ * [[superforō]]

+ * [[transforō]]

+ * [[multiforātilis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[feriō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}