hortatio Latin · revision 36461

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la hortor}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hortātiō''' ''f'' (genitive hortātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|hortor|-tiō|t1=to urge, encourage]], a noun of action.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains that verb as a frequentative of [[m|la|horior|t=to encourage, urge]], built on an old past participle or shortened from ⟨horitāre⟩, which Ennius uses.^(de Vaan 2008) He traces the simple verb to [[itc-pro|*χerj-]] and to a present [[ine-pro|*ǵher-i-|t=to enjoy]], with a sense development from being excited to enjoying.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|χαίρω|tr=khaírō|t=to be glad]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it in his letters for an urging or exhortation, as when he tells his brother Quintus that he now pleads with him not by exhortation or advice but by a brother's prayers.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In classical prose it is the act of encouraging or exhorting someone:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero has it with ''ad'' and the accusative for an exhortation to something,^(Conte 2010) and Livy uses it of urging on the rowers of a ship.^(Conte 2010)

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+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it kept the sense of encouragement and exhortation.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of exhortation in his letters and speeches.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of urging on rowers.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|encouragement|alt=Encouragement]], [[m|en|exhortation]], urging.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hortor]]

+ * [[cohortātiō]]

+ * [[exhortātiō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''hortātiō'', which speaks to the will and always aims at an action, from ''monitiō'', which speaks to the judgment and offers a thought, and through it an act.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}