callosus Latin · revision 36448

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=65–8 BC, Horace|origins=la callum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kalˈloː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kalˈlɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''callōsus''' (feminine callōsa, neuter callōsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|callum|-ōsus|t1=hard skin]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan reconstructs the noun as [[itc-pro|*kaln/so-|t=hard]] and calls its Indo-European origin uncertain; he compares [[sga|calath|t=hard]] and [[cy|caled|t=hard]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short say it is not found before the Augustan age.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The OLD's first example is in Horace's ''Satires'': the eggs with a tough shell hold a male yolk, ''marem cohibent callōsa vitellum''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means hard-skinned or tough: Columella has a vine with thick-skinned grapes, Pliny the Elder the tough gizzard of birds, and Apuleius a boar with thick hide.^(OLD 2012) Seneca uses it of knees and hands hardened by use, and of a palate so hardened that nothing is too hot for it.^(OLD 2012) In medicine it means callous or hardened, of the edges of ulcers in Celsus and of old ulcers in Scribonius Largus.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL finds the comparative in Celsus, Pliny and Apicius, and the superlative in Soranus.^(TLL)

+

+ English [[m|en|callous]] comes from it, first recorded about 1400 in the physical sense; the figurative sense, unfeeling, appears by the 1670s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of eggs with a tough shell.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it of the hardened edges of ulcers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of hands and knees hardened by use.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 47 AD – Scribonius Largus uses it of old callous ulcers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – English [[m|en|callous]] is borrowed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Hard-skinned, thick-skinned, [[m|en|tough]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Made hard or tough by use.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(medicine)'' [[m|en|callous|alt=Callous]], hardened.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[callōsitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[callum]]

+ * [[calleō]]

+ * [[en|callous]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}