illiberalis Latin · revision 36415

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=190–159 BC, Terence|origins=la līber}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪl.liː.bɛˈraː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [il.li.beˈraː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''illīberālis''' (neuter illīberāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''inlīberālis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|in-|līberālis|t1=not|t2=of a free man, generous]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan lists [[m|la|līberālis]] among the derivatives of [[m|la|līber#1|t=free]] (from Naevius on), which goes back to [[itc-pro|*leuþ-ero-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₁leudʰ-ero-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first known use is in Terence's ''Adelphoe'', where a character is shocked that so ignoble a deed (''tam illīberāle facinus'') should come from such a family.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It describes what is unworthy of a free man:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' calls a kind of talk frivolous and illiberal,^(TLL) and Cicero, in ''De officiis'', counts as illiberal and sordid the earnings of hired labourers, whose labour, not their skill, is bought.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) He also contrasts an illiberal, petulant kind of joking with an elegant one.^(TLL) Pliny the Elder calls the radish a vulgar food.^(TLL) Terence also uses it of a person lacking the qualities of a free man, and Gellius describes a girl whose face was not unrefined (''haud illīberālī'').^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ A narrower sense is ungenerous or mean: Cicero writes that someone will think, not that his correspondent was mean towards him, but that he himself was careless,^(OLD 2012) and Livy speaks of an illiberal and ungrateful mind.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of an ignoble deed and of a slave who shows himself not unworthy of a free man.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of sordid trades and of a mean attitude.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy writes of an illiberal and ungrateful mind.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder calls the radish a vulgar food.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Unworthy of a [[m|en|free]] man, [[m|en|ignoble]], ill-bred, [[m|en|vulgar]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Lacking the qualities of a free man.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|ungenerous|alt=Ungenerous]], [[m|en|niggardly]], [[m|en|mean]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[illīberālitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[līberālis]]

+ * [[līber#1]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}