turmatim Latin · revision 36342

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la turma}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turmātim''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|turma|-ātim|t1=troop of horsemen]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The origin of [[m|la|turma]] is unclear: de Vaan says it may or may not be related to [[m|la|turba|t=crowd]], and if so both could be loanwords rendering a labial of the donor language as /b/ and /m/.^(de Vaan 2008) Pokorny compared [[non|þruma|t=noise]] and [[ang|ðrymm|t=troop, crowd]], which de Vaan notes does not explain the different order of /r/ and /u/.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Lucretius,^(de Vaan 2008) who pictures tiny bodies fighting ''turmātim'', in troops.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means by troops or squadrons, of cavalry:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Caesar's horsemen begin to deploy squadron by squadron, and Sallust, Livy and Hirtius use it of troops and bands in war.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Lucretius already used it more generally, of things moving in bands.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ British medieval writers used it of bodies of troops and, more widely, of people or animals in groups: William of Malmesbury writes of students coming in crowds, and a collection of stories of the starling that flies in flocks.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of particles fighting in troops.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of cavalry deploying by squadrons.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of barbarians roaming in bands.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # By [[m|en|troop|alt=troops]] or [[m|en|squadron|alt=squadrons]] (of [[m|en|cavalry]]).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In bands, in groups.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turma]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}