Verlust German · revision 36290

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 830, Old High German Tatian|origins=gem-pro *fralustiz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [fɛɐ̯ˈlʊst]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Verlust''' ''m'' (genitive Verlustes or Verlusts, plural Verluste)^(Wiktionary)

+ The word was feminine in Gothic, Old Saxon, Old High German and Middle High German; masculine gender prevailed in New High German.^(DWB|25, 828) A form ''verlurst'', modelled on ''verlur'', is found in Middle and New High German, for instance in the Zimmern Chronicle.^(DWB|25, 828)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verlust]], [[inh|goh|firlust]], also [[m|goh|farlust]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fralustiz|t=loss, ruin]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|3, 296) The same word is [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃|tr=fralusts|t=loss, perdition]], [[osx|farlust]], [[gml|vorlust]] and [[dum|verlust]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|3, 296) It is an abstract noun with a t-suffix, formed to the verb [[verlieren]], built on the zero grade of its root.^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The noun keeps the old /s/ of the root, while the verb has /r/ (from Germanic /z/) in some of its forms; the Duden compares [[Frost]] beside [[frieren]].^(Duden 7 2020|900)^(Pfeifer 1993) A noun of the same verb formed in another way, with /r/, is [[goh|firlor|t=destruction, dispossession]], [[gmh|verlor|t=ruin]], [[osx|farlor]] and [[ang|forlor]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''firlust'' occurs only in Tatian (about 830), meaning “loss, waste, perdition”, translating Latin ''perditio''.^(EWA|3, 296)^(Köbler AHD) In an Old Saxon example ''farlust'' means “death”.^(DWB|25, 828)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''verlust'' also meant “waste, ruin, harm, sorrow, damnation”.^(Köbler MHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) According to the Grimms' dictionary the meaning has otherwise not changed: it is both the losing, as an event, and the thing lost.^(DWB|25, 828) Adelung narrowed it to the loss of something good, and to the harm this causes: ''Eines Gewinn ist des andern Verlust'' “one man's gain is another's loss”.^(Adelung 1793) In modern German it is also used of losses in battle and of a firm's deficit.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The adjective [[verlustig]], Middle High German ''verlustec'' “having suffered a loss”, now lives almost only in set phrases such as ''einer Sache verlustig gehen'' “to forfeit something”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|900)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 830 – Old High German ''firlust'' in Tatian.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|3, 296)

+ * 1172–1190 – Middle High German ''verlust'' in the ''Marienleben'' of Wernher.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1259 – ''verlust'' in a charter.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – Josua Maaler knows the word only as a masculine.^(DWB|25, 828)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|loss]] of something one had: ''der Verlust des Ausweises'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''in Verlust geraten'' (officialese, “to get lost”).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The loss of a person through death: ''Der Verlust ihrer Großmutter traf sie schwer.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Loss, [[m|en|forfeiture]] of something; in plural, losses in battle, [[m|en|casualties]]: ''schwere Verluste erleiden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A financial loss, [[m|en|deficit]]: ''Das Unternehmen arbeitet mit Verlust.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verlustig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verlieren]]

+ * [[verloren]]

+ * [[Los]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Verlust'' renders English ''loss'' in all senses except a lost game or battle, for which German uses [[Niederlage]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}