Gruß German · revision 36283

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=back-formation|attested=12th century, Middle High German|origins=gmw-pro *grōtjan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡʁuːs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Gruß''' ''m'' (genitive Grußes, plural Grüße, diminutive Grüßchen n or Grüßlein n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|gruoz|t=greeting; challenge, attack]], a back-formation from [[grüßen]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|379)^(Duden 7 2007) The verb is [[gmh|grüezen]], [[goh|gruozen|t=to address; to challenge, attack]], [[osx|grōtian|t=to address, ask]], from [[gmw-pro|*grōtjan]].^(Kluge 2011|379)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[nl|groeten]], [[ofs|grēta]], [[ang|grētan|t=to challenge, attack, greet]], [[en|greet]] and [[non|grœta|t=to make weep]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Kluge 2011|379)

+

+ Pfeifer, the Duden and Kroonen take it as the causative, “to make cry out”, of the strong verb [[got|𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=grētan|t=to weep]], [[m|non|gráta]] and [[osx|grātan]]; the West Germanic senses would have come from “cry out” through “take leave”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-]].^(Kroonen 2013) Kluge finds the meanings too far apart to connect and considers instead a borrowing from the family of [[la|grātus|t=welcome, pleasing]], though no exact Latin model exists.^(Kluge 2011|379) Pfeifer calls the further origin uncertain: the verbs may be imitative, like [[grell]] and [[Groll]], and a sound root [[ine-pro|*gʰer-]] is possible but not compelling.^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''gruoz'' is recorded from the 12th century,^(Köbler MHD) with a range of senses from friendly address, welcome and favour to incitement, challenge, attack and accusation.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The hostile senses that the noun and the verb had in Middle High German, “challenge, attack, accusation”, have disappeared; the modern word means the words or gestures of courtesy on meeting or parting, a message of remembrance sent through another, and the closing formula of a letter.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

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+ Several fixed phrases name particular greetings: ''der Englische Gruß'' is the Ave Maria, the angel's greeting to Mary;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''der deutsche Gruß'' was the Nazi salute with the raised right arm, and ''mit deutschem Gruß'' a closing formula of letters; in the GDR letters could end ''mit sozialistischem Gruß''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Ein Gruß aus der Küche'' is an amuse-bouche.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''gruozen'' “to address, challenge”.^(Kluge 2011|379)

+ * 12th century – Middle High German ''gruoz''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1272 – ''gruoz'' in a charter.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|greeting]], [[m|en|salute]]: words or gestures of courtesy on meeting or parting: ''Er nickte zum Gruß.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Greetings sent to someone as a sign of friendship or remembrance; a closing formula in letters: ''Viele Grüße an deine Schwester!'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE) ''mit freundlichen Grüßen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Gegengruß]]

+ * [[Abschiedsgruß]]

+ * [[Grußformel]]

+ * [[Grußwort]]

+ * [[grußlos]]

+ * [[Hitlergruß]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grüßen]]

+ * [[begrüßen]]

+ * [[en|greet]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}