unabhängig German · revision 36278

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1719|origins=gem-pro *hanhaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʊn.apˌhɛŋɪç/, [ˈʔʊn.ʔapˌhɛ.ŋɪç], [ˈʔʊ.nap-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''unabhängig''' (strong nominative masculine singular unabhängiger, comparative unabhängiger, superlative am unabhängigsten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|un-|abhängig]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(DWB|24, 52) [[abhängig]] is recorded from the 15th century in the physical sense “sloping”, but its meaning “dependent” dates from the 18th century; the verb [[abhängen]] “to depend” is found from the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|6)^(DWB|24, 52) Kluge takes the abstract sense as a loan meaning or loan translation of [[la|dependeō|t=to hang down; to depend]], perhaps under French influence.^(Kluge 2011|6) The Grimms' dictionary sees it as a coinage of the philosophy of the Enlightenment that rendered the foreign [[la|dēpendēns|t=dependent]];^(DWB|24, 52) the new adjective then replaced the older [[unangebunden]].^(DWB|24, 52)

+

+ The base is [[hängen]], whose strong form is [[goh|hāhan]], from [[gem-pro|*hanhaną|t=to hang]], the same word as [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=hāhan]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer compares [[hit|gank-|t=to hang, weigh]] and tentatively sets up a root [[ine-pro|*k̑enk-|t=to waver, hang]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kramer's Italian dictionary of 1719 has both words: ''die geschöpffe seynd abhängig von ihren schöpffer; aber der schöpfer ist ein unabhängig wesen'' “creatures are dependent on their creator, but the creator is an independent being”.^(DWB|24, 52)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word spread slowly.^(DWB|24, 52) Christian Wolff wrote of an absolute being that is ''independent'', and all editions of his works kept the foreign word until after the middle of the 18th century;^(DWB|24, 52) Rondeau's dictionary of 1740 lacks ''unabhängig'', and in 1765 he preferred words such as ''Entbundenheit'' for French ''indépendance''.^(DWB|24, 52) Adelung (1793) knows it only in the figurative sense, gives Latin ''independent'' as its equivalent and records the noun [[Unabhängigkeit]].^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ The political sense, “sovereign, not subject to another state”, and the uses for a free press, judges or experts belong to the modern language.^(Duden GWDS 1999) As an adverb with ''von'' it means “regardless of”.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1480 – ''abhengig'' “sloping” appears in a vocabulary.^(DWB|24, 52)

+ * 16th century – ''abhängen'' is used for “to depend”.^(Kluge 2011|6)

+ * 1719 – Kramer records ''abhängig'' and ''unabhängig''.^(DWB|24, 52)

+ * 1740 – Rondeau's dictionary still lacks the word.^(DWB|24, 52)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records ''unabhängig'' and ''Unabhängigkeit''.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|independent|alt=Independent]] of other people or things in one's position or freedom to act: ''eine unabhängige Gutachterin''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a state: [[m|en|sovereign]], not under the authority of another state; [[m|en|autonomous]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Existing by itself, separate from someone or something; not influenced or determined by something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''unabhängig von'': [[m|en|regardless]] of, irrespective of: ''unabhängig vom Wetter''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Unabhängigkeit]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abhängig]]

+ * [[abhängen]]

+ * [[hängen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}