jüdisch German · revision 36272

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=late 8th century, Old High German Isidor|origins=hbo יְהוּדָה}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjyːdɪʃ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jüdisch''' (strong nominative masculine singular jüdischer, comparative jüdischer, superlative am jüdischsten)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German also has ''judesch''.^(Lexer 1872)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|jüdisch]], [[inh|goh|judeisc]], [[bor|la|iūdaeus|t=Jewish, Judaean]], with the Latin ending replaced by the suffix [[m|goh|-isc]], which forms adjectives of belonging from names of peoples and persons, as in [[m|goh|diutisc]].^(EWA|5, 303)^(Wiktionary) The EWA names [[m|la|iūdaicus]] beside it as a source.^(EWA|5, 303) The Latin word is [[grc|Ἰουδαῖος|tr=Ioudaîos]], from [[m|grc|Ἰουδά|tr=Ioudá|t=Judah]], from [[hbo|יְהוּדָה|tr=yəhūḏāh]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD) Today it is felt as [[Jude]] with the suffix [[-isch]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ The same adjective is [[osx|judēisk]], [[ang|iudéisc]] and [[got|𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|tr=judaiwisks]].^(AWB|4, 1831)^(Wiktionary) The EWA notes that the regular modern form of the Old High German word would be [[judäisch]]; that word, “relating to Judaea”, is a new formation from the name of the country.^(EWA|5, 303)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''judeisc'' “Jewish” is found in the Isidor translation, which Köbler dates to the end of the 8th century, and in glosses, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker from the 9th century on.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|5, 303)^(Schützeichel 2012|170) It was occasionally used as a noun, “the Jew”.^(EWA|5, 303) In Middle High German it appears from the ''Genesis'' of about 1060–1080 on.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Luther's Bible speaks of ''das jüdische Land'' and ''das jüdische Volk''.^(DWB|10, 2359) In Early New High German the adjective used as a noun could also mean the Hebrew language.^(FWB) Adelung (1793) records, besides the neutral sense “belonging to the Jews, their religion and customs”, a hostile figurative sense “greedy for gain”, which reflects the prejudice of the time.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ After 1945, because of the Nazi abuse of the noun ''Jude'', public language often preferred the adjective, as in ''jüdische Mitbürger'' “Jewish fellow citizens”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * End of the 8th century – Old High German ''judeisc'' in the Isidor translation.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – The adjective appears in glosses, Tatian and Otfrid.^(EWA|5, 303)

+ * c. 1060–1080 – Middle High German ''jüdisch'' in the ''Genesis''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1793 – Adelung records the neutral and a pejorative sense.^(Adelung 1793)

+ * After 1945 – ''jüdische Mitbürger'' is used in public language in place of ''Juden''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Jewish]]: relating to the Jews as a people: ''eine jüdische Gemeinde''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Characteristic of the Jews; relating to Jewish [[m|en|culture]]: ''jüdischer Humor''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Relating to Judaism ([[Judentum]]), the Jewish religion.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Jude]]

+ * [[jiddisch]]

+ * [[judäisch]]

+ * [[Judentum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}