Kontrolle German · revision 36264

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1767|origins=la rota}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kɔnˈtʁɔlə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Kontrolle''' ''f'' (genitive Kontrolle, plural Kontrollen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|contrôle]], borrowed in the 18th century, contracted from older [[m|fr|contre-rôle|t=counter-roll, duplicate register]], from [[m|fr|contre|t=against]] and [[m|fr|rôle|t=roll, list]].^(Kluge 2011|528)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|477) These continue [[la|contrā|t=against]] and [[la-med|rotulus|t=roll]], a diminutive of [[la|rota|t=wheel]].^(Kluge 2011|528)^(Pfeifer 1993) The word properly meant a second register kept to check the entries of the original.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|477) Pfeifer also cites [[frm|contrerolle]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The German Fremdwörterbuch quotes Lessing's ''Hamburgische Dramaturgie'' (1767): ''Voltaire ist mit seiner historischen Controlle ganz unleidlich'' (“Voltaire is quite unbearable with his historical checking”).^(DFWB) The title ''Contrerrolleur'' appears as early as 1588, and the verb ''controliren'' in 1598.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word meant supervision and checking until the 20th century, when it also took the sense “power, command over something”, under the influence of [[en|control]], itself from French.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|528) The German Democratic Republic had ''Kontrolle durch die Mark'', a translation of a Russian phrase for checking plan fulfilment by its financial result.^(Duden GWDS 1999) German passed the word on: Hungarian ''kontroll'' is recorded from 1794, and Slovene has ''kontrola''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1588 – ''Contrerrolleur'' as an official's title.^(DFWB)

+ * 1598 – The verb ''controliren'' in Albertinus.^(DFWB)

+ * 1767 – ''Controlle'' in Lessing.^(DFWB)

+ * 1794 – Hungarian ''kontroll''.^(LWP)

+ * 20th century – Sense “command, power”, after English.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Constant [[m|en|supervision]] of someone or something: ''Die Firma steht unter der Kontrolle der Aufsichtsbehörde.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A check, [[m|en|inspection]]: ''Auf der Autobahn gab es eine Kontrolle.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|control|alt=Control]], power over someone, oneself or something: ''die Kontrolle verlieren'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE) ''etwas unter Kontrolle bringen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(motor sport)'' A [[m|en|checkpoint]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[kontrollieren]]

+ * [[Kontrolleur]]

+ * [[Kontrollraum]]

+ * [[Kontrollverlust]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Rolle]]

+ * [[en|control]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Vertrauen ist gut, Kontrolle ist besser'' (“trust is good, control is better”) is a common saying.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}