wissenschaftlich German · revision 36263

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1687}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvɪsn̩ʃaftlɪç/, /ˈvɪsənʃaftlɪç/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''wissenschaftlich''' (strong nominative masculine singular wissenschaftlicher, comparative wissenschaftlicher, superlative am wissenschaftlichsten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|Wissenschaft|-lich]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE) The noun is late [[gmh|wiʒʒenschaft|t=knowledge]] (14th century), a collective formation from the infinitive of [[wissen]], which at first simply meant “knowledge”; its modern sense developed from the 17th century.^(Kluge 2011|993)^(Pfeifer 1993) The verb goes back to [[gem-pro|*wait|t=I know]], an old perfect meaning “I have seen, found”, the same form as [[sa|वेद|tr=véda]] and [[grc|οἶδα|tr=oîda]], related to [[la|videō|t=to see]].^(Kluge 2011|992)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ According to the Grimms' dictionary the adjective is rare until the middle of the 18th century;^(DWB|30, 798) Thomasius, Leibniz, Bodmer and apparently Gottsched and Lessing do not use it.^(DWB|30, 798) It occurs once in 1687 in E. Weigel with an unrelated sense, and is then entered in dictionaries: Kramer (1702) glosses it with Italian ''scientifico'', Ludwig (1716) with English ''scientifical'' and Steinbach (1734) with Latin ''scibilis''.^(DWB|30, 798)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 1745 J. A. Scheibe wrote of different tastes ''in wissenschaftlichen dingen'', meaning musical matters, in the wider old sense of ''Wissenschaft''.^(DWB|30, 798) The stricter sense appears in 1762, when a critic set knowing painting “scientifically” against knowing poetry “by art”.^(DWB|30, 798) The change followed that of the noun, which in the Enlightenment became the name of a learned discipline and displaced ''Kunst''.^(Pfeifer 1993) Adelung in 1793 explains the word as “in the manner of a science”, knowledge that traces single things back to general concepts, as opposed to merely historical knowledge.^(Adelung 1793|4, 1582) ''Wissenschaftler'' “scientist” is from the 18th century, first used slightingly.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 14th century – Late Middle High German ''wiʒʒenschaft'' “knowledge”.^(Kluge 2011|993)

+ * 1687 – An isolated first record in Weigel.^(DWB|30, 798)

+ * 1702 – Entered in Kramer's dictionary.^(DWB|30, 798)

+ * 1745 – First literary use, by Scheibe.^(DWB|30, 798)

+ * 1757 – Stiehl's ''Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Wapenkunde''.^(DWB|30, 798)

+ * 18th century – ''Wissenschaftler'' is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|scientific|alt=Scientific]], [[m|en|scholarly]]: relating to, belonging to or based on science or scholarship: ''eine wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''eine wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft'', a research assistant.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Following the principles and methods of science: ''Die Wirkung des Mittels ist wissenschaftlich nicht belegt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Wissenschaftler]]

+ * [[Wissenschaft]]

+ * [[wissen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}