beziehen German · revision 36259

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *deuk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bəˈt͡siːən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''beziehen''' (class 2 strong, third-person singular present bezieht, past tense bezog, past participle bezogen, past subjunctive bezöge, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|beziehen]], [[inh|goh|biziohan|t=to tie up, cover over, take away]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*biteuhan]], a prefixed form of [[ziehen]] with [[be-]].^(Kluge 2011|119)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD) Corresponding prefixed verbs are [[gml|betēn]], [[dum|betīen]], [[ofs|bitā]] and [[ang|betēon]],^(DWB2|5, 161) and the Grimms add [[got|𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=bitiuhan]].^(DWB|1, 1799)

+

+ The simple verb, [[goh|ziohan]], [[osx|tiohan]], [[m|ang|tēon]], [[got|𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=tiuhan|t=to lead]], from [[gem-pro|*teuhaną]], continues [[ine-pro|*deuk-|t=to pull]], the root of [[la|dūcō|t=to lead]].^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Kluge notes that of the prefixed verb's many senses the most important today goes back to “draw together, connect”.^(Kluge 2011|119) Wiktionary adds that the sense “to refer” was probably influenced by [[m|la|referō]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''biziohan'' is recorded in glosses from about 765 and in Otfrid, meaning “to reach, catch up with; to take away; to bind together, cover over”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) In Otfrid (863–871) Christ ''bizoh'' the disciples, reaching them in the storm on the lake.^(DWB2|5, 161) Middle High German ''beziehen'' meant “to reach, seize; to cover, line (a garment); to take possession of, move in”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul sorts the senses by the part of the verb that governs the object.^(Paul 2002) With an object belonging to ''ziehen'' one draws income, fees or goods; from the 17th century one also refers to (''sich beziehen auf'') a person or thing, whose oldest sense was probably “to appeal to”, and in the 18th century one began to relate a remark or allusion to something.^(Paul 2002) With an object governed by ''be-'', the only type in Middle High German, one covers a bed with linen or strings a violin, and the sky ''bezieht sich'', clouds over; early New High German also used it for catching fish with nets, hence “to trick”, still found in the 18th century.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|1, 1799) From intransitive ''ziehen'' come moving into a house and taking up a post: Luther wrote in 1524 of a house that had been occupied and lived in.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|5, 161)

+

+ The abstract noun [[Beziehung]] (1678) means “relation”, in the plural “useful connections”, and since the 1970s often a love relationship.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[Bezug]] “cover; purchase; reference” is recorded from the early 18th century, once in Swiss German in 1483, and [[beziehungsweise]] from the mid-18th century, replacing older ''beziehlicher Weise''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|119)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''biziohan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses ''bizoh'' “caught up with”.^(DWB2|5, 161)

+ * 1524 – Luther writes of a house ''bezogen und bewohnet'' “moved into and lived in”.^(DWB2|5, 161)

+ * 17th century – ''sich beziehen auf'' “to refer to” comes into use.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1678 – First record of ''Beziehung''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Early 18th century – ''Bezug'' becomes current.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Mid-18th century – ''beziehungsweise'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|cover]] or put a cover on: ''das Kissen neu beziehen'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''ein mit Samt bezogener Sessel'' “a chair [[m|en|upholster|alt=upholstered]] in velvet”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive, of the sky)'' To become [[m|en|overcast]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To move into (a dwelling): ''ein neues Haus beziehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' To take up (a position); figuratively ''Stellung beziehen'', to take a stand.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To receive regularly, by order or as payment: ''eine Zeitschrift beziehen'', ''eine Pension beziehen'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(colloquial)'' ''Prügel beziehen'', to get a beating.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To [[m|en|refer]] to: ''Ich beziehe mich auf Ihren Brief vom Montag.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To concern, apply to: ''Die Regel bezieht sich nur auf Neubauten.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To relate in thought, connect: ''Sie bezog die Bemerkung auf sich.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' To collect (taxes).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Beziehung]]

+ * [[beziehungsweise]]

+ * [[Bezug]]

+ * [[bezüglich]]

+ * [[Bezieher]]

+ * [[bezogen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ziehen]]

+ * [[Zug]]

+ * [[Zügel]]

+ * [[erziehen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}