landen German · revision 36256

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=17th century|origins=ine-pro *lendʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlandən/, [ˈlandŋ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''landen''' (third-person singular present landet, past tense landete, past participle gelandet, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|gml|landen|t=to come ashore]], a Low German verb formed from [[Land]], which entered the standard language in the 17th century and displaced the Upper German [[länden]].^(Kluge 2011|558)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Duden 7 2007) Paul explains the modern form as following the Dutch and Low German verb and the Middle High German past forms [[m|gmh|lante]] and [[m|gmh|gelant]], under the influence of the noun.^(Paul 2002) The same verb is [[dum|landen]], [[nl|landen]] and the English verb [[m|en|land]], and Wiktionary reconstructs [[gmw-pro|*landōn|t=to arrive on land]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb it displaced continues [[goh|lenten]], [[gmh|lenden|t=to bring to land, to land; to bring to an end]], the source of [[Lände]] “landing place”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2007) The base noun, [[gem-pro|*landą]], goes back, with Celtic and Balto-Slavic cognates such as [[sga|land|t=open space]] and Russian dialect [[m|ru|ляда|tr=ljáda|t=cleared land]], to [[ine-pro|*lendʰ-|t=open land, heath]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Stieler's dictionary (1691) is the first to give the new form ''landen'', although it records ''anländen'' as more common.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|12, 101) The verb was at first a seafaring word: to come ashore with a ship, and in particular to sail to an enemy coast and put soldiers ashore.^(Adelung 1793|2, 1882)^(DWB|12, 101)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The perfect is formed with ''sein'', though writers such as Schiller also used ''haben''.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|12, 101) Paul finds it applied to something other than ships and crews from 1821, when Goethe wrote of a twig thrown into a stream that might land in front of a garden, and the transitive use, landing goods or troops, only from about 1885.^(Paul 2002) In the 20th century it became the verb for aircraft and spacecraft touching down; the noun [[Landung]], recorded from the early 18th century for ships, followed the same path.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993) Hungarian borrowed it as ''landol'' (1932).^(LWP)

+

+ In colloquial use one ends up somewhere unexpected (''im Graben landen'') and ''bei jemandem landen'' is to make a good impression on someone;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''einen Treffer landen'' is to score a hit.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''lenten'' “to bring to land” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – Low German ''landen'' enters the written language.^(Kluge 2011|558)^(DWB|12, 101)

+ * 1691 – Stieler's dictionary records ''landen''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Early 18th century – First record of ''Landung''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1821 – Goethe uses it of something other than a ship.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1885 – Transitive use, landing goods or troops.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1932 – Hungarian ''landol'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(of aircraft, birds, spacecraft; with sein)'' To come down onto the ground, to [[m|en|land]]: ''Die Maschine landet um acht in Wien.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of a ship or its crew; with sein)'' To reach the shore: ''Das Boot landete an der Insel.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar; with sein)'' To arrive at one's destination after a journey.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial; with sein)'' To end up somewhere unexpected: ''Der Brief landete im Papierkorb.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with haben)'' To bring (an aircraft) down; to set down (troops) from the air; to put (people, goods) ashore.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' ''bei jemandem landen'', to find favour with someone;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''einen Treffer landen'', to [[m|en|score]] a hit.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Landung]]

+ * [[anlanden]]

+ * [[notlanden]]

+ * [[Landebahn]]

+ * [[Landeplatz]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Land]]

+ * [[verlanden]]

+ * [[Lände]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}