stipendiarius Latin · revision 36218

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la stīpendium}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [stɪ.pɛn.diˈaː.ri.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [sti.pen.diˈaː.ri.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stipendiārius''' (feminine stipendiāria, neuter stipendiārium); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|stīpendium|-ārius|t1=pay, tribute]].^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan explains ⟨stīpendium⟩ as a haplology of a compound of [[m|la|stips|t=small coin, payment]] and [[m|la|pendō|t=to weigh, pay]]; he thinks ⟨stips⟩ first meant a stalk, from [[itc-pro|*stip-|t=stalk]], though what object was used for payment is unknown.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of the allies and tributaries of the Roman people.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was used of subject states and peoples that paid tribute in cash, originally to meet the costs of an occupying army:^(OLD 2012) Caesar writes that the Aedui had been made tributary to Ariovistus, and Livy of making Italy tributary to Africa.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Lewis and Short note that the money tribute was felt to be more humiliating than one paid in kind.^(Lewis & Short 1879) As a noun, ''stīpendiāriī'' were tributaries, as in Cicero and Tacitus.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The jurist Gaius uses it of estates in the provinces of the Roman people, as against the tributary estates in the emperor's provinces, and Cicero of the fixed tax laid on the Spaniards and most Carthaginians.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It also meant serving for pay: Livy says the Romans changed their shields once they began to receive pay, the ''Bellum Africum'' has paid cohorts, and Tacitus writes of the villa of Cruptorix, once a mercenary.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for property assigned to the upkeep of a religious community, for things relating to prebends or held in fief, and for a dependant kept in the lord's household and bound to daily service; as a noun it meant a mercenary, and the feminine a prostitute.^(Niermeyer 1976) British writers used it of tributary peoples, of mercenaries and of wage workers.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the tributaries of Rome.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of the Aedui made tributary.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of soldiers receiving pay.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of a former mercenary.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 140–180 AD – Gaius uses it of provincial estates.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1120–1141 – Orderic Vitalis uses it of the Normans as mercenaries.^(DMLBS)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Serving for pay; [[m|en|mercenary]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Paying tribute in money, [[m|en|tributary]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (of provincial estates) Liable to tax.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of a tax) Fixed, paid in money.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Assigned to the upkeep of a religious community; relating to [[m|en|prebend|alt=prebends]]; held in fief.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A tributary, a subject who pays tribute.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A hired [[m|en|soldier]].^(OLD 2012)^(DMLBS)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A dependant kept in the lord's household and bound to daily service.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stīpendium]]

+ * [[stips]]

+ * [[vectīgālis]]

+ * [[tribūtārius]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}