sulco Latin · revision 36211

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=ine-pro *solk-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈsʊɫ.koː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈsul.ko]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sulcō''' (present infinitive sulcāre, perfect active sulcāvī, supine sulcātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|sulcus|-ō|t1=furrow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨sulcus⟩ from [[itc-pro|*solko-]] and [[ine-pro|*solk-o-|t=furrow]], which he prefers to a form with a syllabic ⟨l⟩ because of the Greek cognate.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|ὁλκός|tr=holkós|t=furrow; hauling engine]], [[grc|ἕλκω|tr=hélkō|t=to draw, drag]] and [[ang|sulh|t=plough]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Varro,^(de Vaan 2008) whose book on farming has ditches furrowed so that rainwater can drain away.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is to plough, to drive furrows across land:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tibullus writes of ploughing the fields at a mistress's command, Columella advises ploughing across a slope, and Lucan writes of fields once furrowed by Camillus' plough.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Lewis and Short call it mostly poetic and post-Augustan, absent from Cicero and Caesar.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Figuratively it meant to cleave or traverse: Virgil's ships furrow the salt sea with their long keels, Ovid's snake god furrows the sand, and Lucan's Perseus furrows the air in flight.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Ovid has Juno furrow her skin with wrinkles,^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and Ammianus uses it of sides scored by the lash and of tattooing.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Venantius Fortunatus uses it for working out a written text.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Ecclesiastical Latin kept the sense to plough.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of furrowing ditches.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 55–19/18 BC – Tibullus uses it of ploughing fields.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of ships cleaving the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of wrinkles.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 390 AD – Ammianus uses it of tattooing.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 536–c. 610 AD – Venantius Fortunatus uses it of working out a text.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|plough]], drive furrows across (land).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|cleave]], traverse (the sea, sand or air).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|furrow]] (the skin with wrinkles); to score; to tattoo.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # To make (a furrow, ditch or groove).^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' To work out (a text).^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēsulcō]]

+ * [[īnsulcō]]

+ * [[persulco]]

+ * [[resulco]]

+ * [[sulcāmen]]

+ * [[sulcātor]]

+ * [[crispisulcans]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sulcātōrius]]

+ * [[sulcus]]

+ * [[arō]]

+ * [[exarō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}