Hund German · revision 36197

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *ḱwṓ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /hʊnt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Hund''' ''m'' (genitive Hundes or Hunds, plural Hunde or (regionally) Hünde, diminutive Hündchen n or Hündlein n or Hundchen n or Hunderl n or Hundi n or Hundilein n, masculine (for the animal) Rüde, feminine (for the animal) Hündin or Petze or Zaupe or Zibbe)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hunt]], [[inh|goh|hunt]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hund]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hundaz|t=dog]].^(Kluge 2011|430)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[got|𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃|tr=hunds]], [[non|hundr]], [[ang|hund]], [[ofs|hund]] and [[osx|hund]], and today [[nl|hond]], [[en|hound]] and [[sv|hund]].^(Kluge 2011|430)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) English “hound” has narrowed to a hunting dog.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|10, 1910)

+

+ The Germanic word has a dental extension of the Indo-European name of the dog, [[ine-pro|*ḱwṓ]], which appears without it in [[sa|श्वन्|tr=śván]], [[grc|κύων|tr=kúōn]], [[la|canis]], [[sga|cú]], [[cy|ci]], [[lt|šuo|alt=šuõ]], [[txb|ku]] and [[hit|kuwaš]].^(Kluge 2011|430)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003) The Latin form is irregular in its sounds.^(Kluge 2011|430)^(Pfeifer 1993) Orel reconstructs the Germanic form as [[ine-pro|*ḱun-tó-]] and compares [[lv|suntene|alt=sùnt-ene|t=big dog]].^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) The further origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|430) A link with the root [[ine-pro|*ḱeu-|t=to shine]], as if named for its colour, is doubtful; others explain the dental as a participle of a root meaning “to come forth fresh”, seen in [[mga|cana|t=wolf cub]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hunt'' is recorded from the 8th century in the ''Abrogans'' and other glosses, then in Tatian, Otfrid, Notker and the ''Wiener Hundesegen'', a charm for dogs.^(Kluge 2011|430)^(EWA|4, 1232)^(Schützeichel 2012|160) It meant the dog, also the hunting hound.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The dog is probably the oldest domestic animal of the Indo-Europeans.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) German speech shows it in two lights: as a faithful guard and helper in [[Hundeblick]], [[Wachhund]] and [[Schäferhund]], and far more often as a despised creature, in the adjective [[hündisch]], in [[Hundeleben]] and [[Hundelohn]], and as a term of abuse.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) Middle High German already called a villain a ''hunt'', as in the ''Kaiserchronik''.^(Lexer 1872|1, 1387)^(Köbler MHD) It also named the Dog Star, Sirius.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ Many idioms are old.^(EWA|4, 1232)^(Paul 2002) Middle High German had ''slâfenden hunt wecken'', today ''schlafende Hunde wecken'', to stir up trouble by drawing attention to something.^(EWA|4, 1232)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Luther has ''damit kann man keinen Hund hinter dem Ofen hervorlocken'', that tempts nobody.^(Paul 2002) ''Vor die Hunde gehen'' (17th century), to go to ruin, probably comes from game that falls to the hounds.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020) ''Da liegt der Hund begraben'' (17th century), that is the heart of the matter, is of unclear origin.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Auf den Hund kommen'' (1664), to come down in the world, has been explained by the old punishment of carrying a dog in public, by the falling order “from horse to donkey” to dog, or by Baroque chests with a dog engraved on their bottom; none of these is proven.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ From the middle of the 16th century miners called a small truck a ''Hund'' or ''Hunt''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1232)^(Duden 7 2020) The Great and Little Dog in the sky render the Latin names ''Canis Major'' and ''Canis Minor''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hunt'' appears in glosses.^(Kluge 2011|430)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses ''hunt''.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1150–1170 – Middle High German ''hunt'' in Lamprecht's ''Alexander''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * Mid-16th century – ''Hund'' names a miner's truck.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1232)

+ * 16th century – ''Hund'' is common as a term of abuse.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1664 – First record of ''auf den Hund kommen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|dog]], the domestic animal kept for its watchfulness and loyalty, with a keen sense of hearing and smell: ''Der Hund bellt jeden Briefträger an''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A male dog, as distinct from the [[Hündin]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(slang)'' A person, a fellow: ''ein armer Hund'', a poor devil;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(derogatory)'' a [[m|en|scoundrel]]: ''Dieser gerissene Hund hat uns alle betrogen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mining)'' A small [[m|en|truck]] for hauling ore or coal, also spelled ''Hunt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(EWA)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' ''der Große Hund, der Kleine Hund'': the constellations Canis Major and Canis Minor.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hündisch]]

+ * [[Hündin]]

+ * [[verhunzen]]

+ * [[Schweinehund]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zynisch]]

+ * [[en|hound]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bekannt wie ein bunter Hund'', known everywhere, is recorded by Stieler;^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''wie Hund und Katze'', of two who cannot get on, already has a Middle High German model.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In Swiss and other regional speech ''Hund'' also names tools and parts of carts, such as a lever for tightening chains.^(EWA|4, 1232)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}