ständig German · revision 36172

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1536}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃtɛndɪç/, /ˈʃtɛndɪk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ständig''' (strong nominative masculine singular ständiger, not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a derivative [[af|de|Stand|-ig]], first recorded in the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|876)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) It first meant “keeping its stand, staying in the same place”, and then, transferred to time, “continual”.^(Kluge 2011|876) Old and Middle High German had the formation only in compounds, such as [[goh|instentīgo|t=eagerly, unceasingly]], [[gmh|gestendec|t=unchanging]] and [[m|gmh|widerstendic|t=resisting]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|17, 771) The noun [[Stand]] is the verbal abstract of [[stehen]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Grimms' dictionary finds the adjective from the first half of the 16th century, in Sender's chronicle, at first mostly in uses that differ from today's, and Paul dates it to 1536.^(DWB|17, 771)^(Paul 2002) The Early New High German dictionary gives three old senses: “stubborn, not to be moved from the spot” (of horses) and “standing”, “lasting, continual”, and “fixed, certain” (of revenues).^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The lexicographers were slow to accept it: Hulsius listed it first in 1616, Stieler left it out, and Frisch noted that it rarely stood alone and was commoner in compounds.^(DWB|17, 771) Adelung around 1800 knew it chiefly in phrases such as ''ständige Spanndienste'' “regular carting services” and ''ständige Gefälle'' “fixed dues”, as opposed to ''unständig'' “occasional”, and found it most at home in [[beständig]], [[anständig]], [[verständig]] and similar words.^(Adelung 1793)

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+ The temporal sense “permanent, continual” became quite ordinary later, and was used of institutions as well, as in ''ständige Garnison'' and ''ständiges Mitglied''.^(DWB|17, 771)^(Paul 2002) The Grimms' dictionary found the word foreign to the Upper German dialects but alive in Central and Low German ones.^(DWB|17, 771)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1536 – First record, in Sender's chronicle.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|17, 771)

+ * 1616 – Hulsius is the first lexicographer to list it.^(DWB|17, 771)

+ * c. 1800 – Adelung knows it mainly in fixed phrases for regular services and dues.^(Adelung 1793)

+ * 19th century – The sense “continual” becomes general.^(DWB|17, 771)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|constant]], frequent, recurring again and again: ''Er beschwert sich ständig über den Lärm.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Doing a task permanently: ''ständige Mitarbeiter'', the permanent members of a council.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|permanent]], fixed, not changing: ''ihr ständiger Wohnsitz'', a regular income.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Ständigkeit]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[anständig]]

+ * [[beständig]]

+ * [[geständig]]

+ * [[inständig]]

+ * [[rückständig]]

+ * [[stehen]]

+ * [[verständig]]

+ * [[Stand]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Middle Low German ''stendich'', common in the first half of the 16th century, meant “confessing, admitting”, like High German [[geständig]], and the Grimms' dictionary keeps it apart from ''ständig''.^(DWB|17, 771)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}