drehen German · revision 36164

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *terh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdʁeː(ə)n/, [ˈdʁeː.ən], [ˈdʁe.n̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''drehen''' (third-person singular present dreht, past tense drehte, past participle gedreht, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|dræjen]], [[inh|goh|drāen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þrāan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þrēaną]].^(Kluge 2011|215)^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993) It continues an old strong verb, kept as such only in [[ang|þrāwan|t=to twist, turn]], the ancestor of [[en|throw]]; the shift from “turn” to “throw” is a common one.^(Kluge 2011|215)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|thrāian]], [[ofs|drāia]] and [[nl|draaien]], and Danish, Norwegian and Swedish took their verbs from Middle Low German.^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013)^(DWB2|6, 1341)

+

+ The sources trace it to the PIE root [[ine-pro|*terh₁-|t=to rub, bore, turn]] in a form with a long vowel in the second syllable, as also in [[Draht]].^(Kluge 2011|215)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Related are [[la|terō|t=to rub]], [[grc|τείρω|tr=teírō|t=to rub, wear down]], [[m|grc|τετραίνω|tr=tetraínō|t=to pierce]], [[lt|trinti|t=to rub, file]] and [[ru|тереть|tr=terétʹ|t=to rub]];^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) in meaning Kluge finds [[m|la|torqueō|t=to twist, wind]] the closest.^(Kluge 2011|215) Other extensions of the root are seen in [[drechseln]], [[drillen]], [[drohen]] and [[drücken]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ In Old High German the verb belonged to a small class of weak verbs in ⟨-āen⟩ that had once been reduplicating, and an old strong participle [[m|gmh|gedrân]] is found in Alemannic texts of that period.^(DWB2|6, 1341) Glide consonants filled the gap between the vowels: forms with ⟨h⟩, ⟨w⟩ or ⟨b⟩, ⟨n⟩, and above all ⟨j⟩ or ⟨g⟩, which dominated from the 11th to the 14th century and live on in southwestern dialects.^(DWB2|6, 1341) The standard form goes back to the form without a glide; its ⟨h⟩, written from the early 15th century and fixed by the mid-17th, only marks the hiatus, and the vowel has been umlauted since the 12th century.^(DWB2|6, 1341)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge dates the verb to the 8th century, and Köbler finds ''drāen'' first in glosses of about 765.^(Kluge 2011|215)^(Köbler AHD) Pfeifer gives its Old High German senses as “to round, turn on a lathe, work in relief”, and Middle High German ''dræjen'' as “to move by turning, whirl, turn on a lathe”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb first named several crafts: turning wood, throwing pots, twisting rope and yarn.^(Duden 7 2020|213) Until the 18th century it was often a synonym of [[drechseln]], also figuratively, as in Wieland's ''ein artig gedrehtes Kompliment'' “a nicely turned compliment”.^(Paul 2002) It was intransitive in Middle High German and remained so into the 19th century, especially in Goethe: ''alles, alles scheint zu drehen'' “everything seems to spin” (''Faust I'').^(Paul 2002) ''Drehkrankheit'', a disease of sheep with dizziness, is recorded from 1796, its cause ''Drehwurm'' from 1807.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Cranks are turned, hence ''einen Film drehen'' from the early 20th century, and ''Drehbuch'' “screenplay”, listed by Duden in 1929.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020|213) ''ein Ding drehen'' “to pull off a job” comes from thieves' cant, and so does ''Dreh'' “trick”, about 1900.^(Duden 7 2020|213)^(Pfeifer 1993) The sailors' sense “to change course” lies behind ''abdrehen'' (16th century) and ''beidrehen''.^(Duden 7 2020|213)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''drāen'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 12th century – The stem vowel is umlauted.^(DWB2|6, 1341)

+ * 14th century – ''Dreher'' “turner” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 15th century – The spelling with ⟨h⟩ begins; it is fixed by the mid-17th century.^(DWB2|6, 1341)

+ * 16th century – ''abdrehen'' “to change course” is recorded.^(Duden 7 2020|213)

+ * 1796 – ''Drehkrankheit'' is first recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1900 – ''Dreh'' “trick” comes from thieves' cant.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 20th century – ''einen Film drehen'' appears.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|turn]] something round its axis: ''den Schlüssel im Schloss drehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To [[m|en|rotate]], to spin: ''Das Riesenrad dreht sich langsam.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''sich um etwas drehen'': to be about something.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To turn into another direction or position: ''den Kopf zur Seite drehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a vehicle, ship or wind: to change direction; to turn back.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make by turning or rolling: to roll a cigarette; to shape on a [[Drehbank]].^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # To [[m|en|shoot]] a film: ''Der Film wurde in Marokko gedreht.''^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Dreher]]

+ * [[Drehung]]

+ * [[Dreh]]

+ * [[Drehbank]]

+ * [[Drehbuch]]

+ * [[verdrehen]]

+ * [[umdrehen]]

+ * [[abdrehen]]

+ * [[andrehen]]

+ * [[aufdrehen]]

+ * [[beidrehen]]

+ * [[durchdrehen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Draht]]

+ * [[drechseln]]

+ * [[drillen]]

+ * [[drohen]]

+ * [[drücken]]

+ * [[en|throw]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}