Turnier German · revision 36146

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=back-formation, borrowing|attested=mid-14th century; turnei from the 12th century|origins=grc τόρνος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tʊrˈniːr/, [tʊʁˈni(ː)ɐ̯], [tʊɐ̯-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Turnier''' ''n'' (genitive Turniers or Turnieres, plural Turniere)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|turnier]], [[m|gmh|turnîr]], a back-formation from the verb [[m|gmh|turnieren|t=to wheel one's horse; to take part in a tournament]], which is [[bor|fro|tornier|t=to turn; to fight in a tournament]].^(Kluge 2011|936)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(DFWB) The noun formed in German replaced the older loan [[m|gmh|turnei]], [[m|gmh|tornei]], taken from [[fro|tornoi|t=fight, tournament; turn]], from the 14th century on.^(Kluge 2011|936)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB)

+

+ The Old French verb (beside [[la-med|torneō|t=to fight in a tournament]]) comes from [[m|fro|torner|t=to turn]], [[la|tornō|t=to round off, turn on a lathe]], which is [[der|grc|τορνεύω|tr=torneúō|t=to turn, work on a lathe]], from [[m|grc|τόρνος|tr=tórnos|t=compasses, lathe chisel]].^(Kluge 2011|936)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge connects that noun with [[m|grc|τείρω|tr=teírō|t=to rub]].^(Kluge 2011|936) The word thus first meant a “turning”, after the quick wheeling of the horses in the contest.^(Kluge 2011|936) The same Old French family gave [[nl|toernooi]] and [[en|tournament]].^(Kluge 2011|936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''turnei'' is recorded from the late 12th century, in Hartmann von Aue, Wolfram and Gottfried's ''Tristan'', for the knights' combat game and sometimes for a real fight.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872|2, 1583) The form ''turnier'' is found from the 14th century: ''do ward ain turnier genomen gegen Zürich'' (1360, “then a tournament was held against Zürich”).^(DFWB)^(Lexer 1872|2, 1584)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The tournament was a festive combat game held at court, in which knights, usually on horseback and with blunted weapons, tried their fighting skills.^(DFWB)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Early New High German spelled the word in many ways (''turner'', ''thurnier'', ''tornier''), and it was masculine as well as neuter until the 18th century, when the neuter prevailed.^(DWB|22, 1881)^(Paul 2002) The old form ''Turnei'' was revived by Wieland and by poets of the 18th and 19th centuries as a historical word.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB)

+

+ From the end of the 19th century ''Turnier'' was used for any contest with many participants, first recorded in ''Skat-Turnier'' (1891), and then especially in sport: riding, tennis, dancing, chess.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Figuratively it could also mean a dispute, as in Schubart's ''dieses gelehrte Turnier'' (“this learned tournament”).^(Paul 2002) The word passed into Hungarian as ''turnír'' (1572), and Czech and Slovak have ''turnaj''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 12th century – Middle High German ''turnei'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 14th century – The back-formation ''turnier'' replaces ''turnei''.^(Kluge 2011|936)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1360 – ''Ain turnier'' is held against Zürich.^(DFWB)

+ * 1572 – Hungarian ''turnír'' “knightly combat” is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 18th century – The masculine gender goes out of use.^(DWB|22, 1881)

+ * 1891 – ''Skat-Turnier'' shows the general sense “competition”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(historical)'' A [[m|en|tournament]] of the Middle Ages: a festive event at which knights fought one another in [[m|en|mock]] combat.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A sporting competition held over some time, in which a winner is found from many players or teams through a series of matches: ''ein Turnier im Schach austragen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[turnieren]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Tour]]

+ * [[Turnus]]

+ * [[en|tournament]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}