verurteilen German · revision 36118

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1215–1225, Rudolf von Ems, Der gute Gerhard|origins=goh urteili}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fərˈu(ː)rˌtaɪ̯lən/, /fɛr-/, [fɐˈʔuːɐ̯ˌtaɪ̯.lən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verurteilen''' (third-person singular present verurteilt, past tense verurteilte, past participle verurteilt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verurteilen|t=to decide by judgement, pronounce as a verdict]],^(Lexer 1872|3, 282)^(Köbler MHD) formed with the prefix [[ver-]] from [[urteilen]], the verb of [[Urteil]] “judgement, verdict”.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Duden 7 2020|891)

+

+ The noun continues [[goh|urteili]], recorded from the 8th century, and [[osx|urdēli]].^(Kluge 2011|945)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge, Pfeifer and Duden explain it as a noun formed to the prefixed verb [[erteilen]] “to allot”, with the prefix in its stressed form; it meant first “what is allotted” and was narrowed early to the verdict a judge gives.^(Kluge 2011|945)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|891) Kluge traces it to the Old High German phrase “to allot judgements”, in which the verb alone could already mean “to pass sentence”.^(Kluge 2011|945) The same noun is [[nl|oordeel]] and [[ang|ordāl]], the source of [[en|ordeal]], originally a judgement of God.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''verurteilen'' meant “to decide something by a court's judgement” and “to announce as a verdict”;^(Lexer 1872|3, 282) Lexer quotes ''dô daʒ verurteilet wart'' (“when that was decided by judgement”) from Rudolf von Ems' ''Der gute Gerhard'', and the phrase ''einen zuo dem tôde verurteilen'' “to sentence someone to death”.^(Lexer 1872|3, 282) Köbler lists the verb in ''Der gute Gerhard'' (1215–1225), in Tauler and in the ''Buch der Natur''.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb kept its legal sense: a court sentences a person ''zu'' a punishment.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020|891) From this came a figurative use for something doomed by circumstances, as in ''zum Scheitern verurteilt'' “doomed to fail” and ''zum Schweigen verurteilt'' “condemned to silence”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ Like the noun [[Urteil]], whose general sense “opinion” grew up in the mystical literature of the Middle Ages, the verb also came to mean judging outside a court: today it is often to condemn an act or a person severely, without any court involved.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020|891) Beside it stand [[aburteilen]] “to sentence finally” (early 17th century) and [[beurteilen]] “to judge, assess” (early 16th century).^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1215–1225 – Middle High German ''verurteilen'' is recorded in Rudolf von Ems' ''Der gute Gerhard''.^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872|3, 282)

+ * before 1350 – Tauler uses the verb and its noun ''verurteilen'' “condemning”.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * early 16th century – The related ''beurteilen'' “to assess” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * early 17th century – ''aburteilen'' takes the sense “to sentence finally”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(law)'' To [[m|en|sentence]] or [[m|en|convict]]: to impose a penalty on someone by a court's decision: ''Das Landgericht verurteilte die Betrügerin zu zwei Jahren Haft.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' In ''zu etwas verurteilt sein'': to be [[m|en|doom|alt=doomed]] to something by circumstances: ''zum Scheitern verurteilt'' “doomed to fail”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|condemn]] strongly, to reject completely: ''Alle Parteien verurteilten den Überfall auf das Flüchtlingsheim.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verurteilung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aburteilen]]

+ * [[Urteil]]

+ * [[urteilen]]

+ * [[beurteilen]]

+ * [[erteilen]]

+ * [[en|ordeal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}